Atomic Number | 24 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 51.9961 |
Mass Number | 52 |
Group | 6 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 24 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 28 n0 |
Electrons | 24 e- |
Atomic Radius | 140 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 7.23 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 122 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 119 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 73 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 87 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 206 pm
|
Density | 7.15 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 791.3 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.666 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.76651 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 342 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 21 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 397.48 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 13, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 6 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d5 4s1 |
Oxidation States | -4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
Electronegativity | 1.66
|
Electrophilicity | 1.1319177597467263 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 2,944.15 K
|
Melting Point | 2,180.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery metallic |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 93.9 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000049 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 23.35 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.449 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 7.9 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000013 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | antiferromagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000445 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000002314 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0003177
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | 393 K
|
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 2.88 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 8.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 160 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 115 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 279 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.21
|
Speed of Sound | 5,940 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VIA |
IUPAC Group | VIB |
Glawe Number | 55 |
Mendeleev Number | 51 |
Pettifor Number | 57 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 768.4 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 602 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 3.1
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0021
|
Quantum Numbers | 7S3 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 4 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 26 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 25 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 13.3 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 94.4% |
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 21.1 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 79.3% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 11.6% |
3p | 0.13% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 42.8 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 12% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 60.9 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 34.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 224.3 ± 1.3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 461.6 ± 1.5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 21.56 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | 0.1904 ± 0.0012
|
Half Life | 42.3 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1942 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 4.345 ± 0.013
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1930 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | 0.26685714285714 ± 0.0014285714285714
|
Half Life | 27.7015 ± 0.0011 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 83.789 ± 0.018
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 9.501 ± 0.017
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.15 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1930 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 2.365 ± 0.007
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1930 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.497 ± 0.003 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 5.94 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 21.1 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 7 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1,050 ± 90 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 490 ± 10 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 243 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 206 ± 12 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 129 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 43 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 27.5 ± 2.1 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 23.8 ± 1.8 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2013 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2013 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
In 1797, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin received samples of crocoite ore. In 1798, Vauquelin discovered that he could isolate metallic chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven, making him the discoverer of the element. Vauquelin was also able to detect traces of chromium in precious gemstones, such as ruby or emerald. From the Greek word chroma, color
Discoverers | Louis Vauquelin |
---|---|
Discovery Location | France |
Discovery Year | 1797 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: chrôma (color). |
Pronunciation | KROH-mi-em (English) |
Chromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)] is its most important mineral. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 102 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.0003 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.000003 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.3 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.002 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0015 %
|
1 | s | 0.5862 |
2 | p | 3.9248 |
2 | s | 7.0162 |
3 | d | 14.2434 |
3 | p | 12.534 |
3 | s | 11.6322 |
4 | s | 18.8668 |