Kromium, ²Krom (Cr)

chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24

Atomic Number	24
Atomic Weight	51.9961
Nombor jisim	52

Group	6
Period	4
Block	d

proton	24 p⁺
neutron	28 n⁰
Elektron	24 e^-

Animated Model Bohr of Cr (Kromium, ²Krom)

Sifat Fizikal

Jejari Atom	140 pm 233 pm
molar volume	7.23 cm³/mol
Jejari kovalen	122 pm 111 pm 103 pm 140 pm 139 pm
Metallic Radius	119 pm 128 pm
ionic radius	73 pm 80 pm 61.5 pm 41 pm 55 pm 34.5 pm 49 pm 57 pm 26 pm 44 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 94 pm 75.5 pm 55 pm 69 pm 48.5 pm 63 pm 71 pm 40 pm 58 pm
Jejari van der Waals	205 pm 206 pm 225 pm 302.3 pm
ketumpatan	7.15 g/cm³ 6,300 kg/m³

Sifat Kimia

tenaga

proton affinity	791.3 kJ/mol
Pertalian elektron	0.666 eV/particle
ionization energy	6.76651 eV/particle 16.486305 eV/particle 30.96 eV/particle 49.16 eV/particle 69.46 eV/particle 90.635 eV/particle 160.29 eV/particle 184.76 eV/particle 209.54 eV/particle 244.52 eV/particle 270.8 eV/particle 296.74 eV/particle 354.66 eV/particle 384.163 eV/particle 1,011.62 eV/particle 1,097.2 eV/particle 1,188 eV/particle 1,294.8 eV/particle 1,394.5 eV/particle 1,495.1 eV/particle 1,634 eV/particle 1,721.183 eV/particle 7,481.8625 eV/particle 7,894.799 eV/particle

Entalpi pengewapan	342 kJ/mol
entalpi pelakuran	21 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	397.48 kJ/mol
Elektron

Petala elektron	2, 8, 13, 1

Elektron valens	1 ⓘ

tatarajah elektron	[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s¹

Keadaan pengoksidaan	-4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Keelektronegatifan	9.77 eV/particle 0.1313053 1.66
Electrophilicity Index	1.1319177597467263 eV/particle
keadaan jirim asas

fasa jirim	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	2,944.15 K
Melting Point	2,180.15 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
triple point
rupa
warna	Silver #808090 #8a99c7 #8a99c7
rupa	silvery metallic
indeks biasan
sifat bahan
Thermal Conductivity	93.9 W/(m K)
Pengembangan terma	0.0000049 1/K
molar heat capacity	23.35 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.449 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Conductor
Kekonduksian elektrik	7.9 MS/m
Kerintangan dan kekonduksian elektrik	0.00000013 m Ω
Kesuperkonduksian
kemagnetan
type	antiferromagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	0.0000000445 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	0.000000002314 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	0.0003177
magnetic ordering
Suhu Curie
Néel temperature	393 K
struktur
Crystal Structure	Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
lattice constant	2.88 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness	1,120 MPa 8.5 MPa 1,060 MPa
Modulus pukal	160 GPa
shear modulus	115 GPa
Young's modulus	279 GPa
Nisbah Poisson	0.21
Kelajuan bunyi	5,940 m/s
pengelasan
Category	Transition metals, Transition metals
CAS Group	VIA
IUPAC Group	VIB
Glawe Number	55
Mendeleev Number	51
Pettifor Number	57
Geochemical Class	first series transition metal
Goldschmidt classification	litophile

other

Gas Basicity	768.4 kJ/mol
polarizability	83 ± 12 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	602 a₀ 709 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	3.1
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0021
Nombor kuantum	7S3
space group	229 (Im_3m)

Isotopes of Chromium

Stable Isotopes	3
Unstable Isotopes	27
Natural Isotopes	4

⁴¹Cr

Nombor jisim	41
nombor neutron	17
jisim atom relatif	41.021911 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
p (proton emission)

⁴²Cr

Nombor jisim	42
nombor neutron	18
jisim atom relatif	42.007579 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	13.3 ± 1 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1996
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	94.4%
2p (2-proton emission)

⁴³Cr

Nombor jisim	43
nombor neutron	19
jisim atom relatif	42.997885 ± 0.000215 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	21.1 ± 0.3 ms
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1992
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	79.3%
2p (2-proton emission)	11.6%
3p	0.13%
β⁺α (β⁺-delayed α emission)

⁴⁴Cr

Nombor jisim	44
nombor neutron	20
jisim atom relatif	43.985591 ± 0.000055 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	42.8 ± 0.6 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1987
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	12%

⁴⁵Cr

Nombor jisim	45
nombor neutron	21
jisim atom relatif	44.97905 ± 0.000038 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	60.9 ± 0.4 ms
Spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1974
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	34.4%

⁴⁶Cr

Nombor jisim	46
nombor neutron	22
jisim atom relatif	45.968360969 ± 0.000012295 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	224.3 ± 1.3 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴⁷Cr

Nombor jisim	47
nombor neutron	23
jisim atom relatif	46.962894995 ± 0.000005578 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	461.6 ± 1.5 ms
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴⁸Cr

Nombor jisim	48
nombor neutron	24
jisim atom relatif	47.954029431 ± 0.000007848 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	21.56 ± 0.03 h
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1952
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴⁹Cr

Nombor jisim	49
nombor neutron	25
jisim atom relatif	48.95133372 ± 0.000002363 Da
g-factor	0.1904 ± 0.0012
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	42.3 ± 0.1 m
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1942
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁵⁰Cr

Nombor jisim	50
nombor neutron	26
jisim atom relatif	49.946042209 ± 0.0000001 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	4.345 ± 0.013
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1930
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

⁵¹Cr

Nombor jisim	51
nombor neutron	27
jisim atom relatif	50.944765388 ± 0.000000178 Da
g-factor	0.26685714285714 ± 0.0014285714285714
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	27.7015 ± 0.0011 d
Spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1940
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁵²Cr

Nombor jisim	52
nombor neutron	28
jisim atom relatif	51.940504714 ± 0.00000012 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	83.789 ± 0.018
Reputan radioaktif	Isotop stabil
setengah hayat	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1923
parity	+

⁵³Cr

Nombor jisim	53
nombor neutron	29
jisim atom relatif	52.940646304 ± 0.000000124 Da
g-factor
natural abundance	9.501 ± 0.017
Reputan radioaktif	Isotop stabil
setengah hayat	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0.15 ± 0.05
tarikh penemuan	1930
parity	-

⁵⁴Cr

Nombor jisim	54
nombor neutron	30
jisim atom relatif	53.938877359 ± 0.000000142 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	2.365 ± 0.007
Reputan radioaktif	Isotop stabil
setengah hayat	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1930
parity	+

⁵⁵Cr

Nombor jisim	55
nombor neutron	31
jisim atom relatif	54.940836637 ± 0.000000245 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	3.497 ± 0.003 m
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1952
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁶Cr

Nombor jisim	56
nombor neutron	32
jisim atom relatif	55.940648977 ± 0.00000062 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	5.94 ± 0.1 m
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1960
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁷Cr

Nombor jisim	57
nombor neutron	33
jisim atom relatif	56.943612112 ± 0.000002 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	21.1 ± 1 s
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1978
parity

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁸Cr

Nombor jisim	58
nombor neutron	34
jisim atom relatif	57.944184501 ± 0.0000032 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	7 ± 0.3 s
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1980
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁹Cr

Nombor jisim	59
nombor neutron	35
jisim atom relatif	58.948345426 ± 0.00000072 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	1,050 ± 90 ms
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1980
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁶⁰Cr

Nombor jisim	60
nombor neutron	36
jisim atom relatif	59.949641656 ± 0.0000012 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	490 ± 10 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1980
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁶¹Cr

Nombor jisim	61
nombor neutron	37
jisim atom relatif	60.95437813 ± 0.000002 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	243 ± 9 ms
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1985
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁶²Cr

Nombor jisim	62
nombor neutron	38
jisim atom relatif	61.95614292 ± 0.0000037 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	206 ± 12 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1985
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁶³Cr

Nombor jisim	63
nombor neutron	39
jisim atom relatif	62.961161 ± 0.000078 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	129 ± 2 ms
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1992
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁶⁴Cr

Nombor jisim	64
nombor neutron	40
jisim atom relatif	63.963886 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	43 ± 1 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1992
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁶⁵Cr

Nombor jisim	65
nombor neutron	41
jisim atom relatif	64.969608 ± 0.000215 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	27.5 ± 2.1 ms
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1997
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁶⁶Cr

Nombor jisim	66
nombor neutron	42
jisim atom relatif	65.973011 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	23.8 ± 1.8 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1997
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁶⁷Cr

Nombor jisim	67
nombor neutron	43
jisim atom relatif	66.979313 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1997
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁶⁸Cr

Nombor jisim	68
nombor neutron	44
jisim atom relatif	67.983156 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	2009
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁶⁹Cr

Nombor jisim	69
nombor neutron	45
jisim atom relatif	68.989662 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	2013
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁷⁰Cr

Nombor jisim	70
nombor neutron	46
jisim atom relatif	69.993945 ± 0.000644 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	2013
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

sejarah

penemu atau pereka	Louis Vauquelin
tempat penemuan	France
tarikh penemuan	1797
Etimologi	Greek: chrôma (color).
sebutan	KROH-mi-em (Inggeris)

sumber

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	102 mg/kg
natural abundance (lautan)	0.0003 mg/L
natural abundance (Tubuh manusia)	0.000003 %
natural abundance (Meteoroid)	0.3 %
natural abundance (Matahari)	0.002 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0015 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.5862
2	p	3.9248
2	s	7.0162
3	d	14.2434
3	p	12.534
3	s	11.6322
4	s	18.8668

Kromium, ²Krom on ChemicalAid

ChEBI ID	28073
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID1011022
DrugBank ID	11136
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.324
Encyclopedia of China ID (Second Edition)	204079
Grove Art Online ID	T017513
HSDB ID	910
ICSC ID	0029
ID BnF	12104829h
ID Encyclopædia Universalis	chrome
ID Ensiklopedia Besar Rusia dalam talian	4671100
ID Ensiklopedia Britannica Dalam Talian	science/chromium
ID Freebase	/m/025tkr6
ID GND	4147944-0
ID J9U Perpustakaan Negara Israel	987007286324805171
ID KBpedia	Chromium
ID NE.se	cr-(krom)
ID NKCR AUT	ph119207
ID Namuwiki	크로뮴
ID PSH	5768
ID Perbendaharaan Kata Fesyen Europeana	10554
ID Perbendaharaan Kata Pendidikan Australia	scot/3730
ID Store norske leksikon	krom
ID Tesaurus BNCF	22189
ID Tesaurus Leiden ASC	294904409
ID Tesaurus STW untuk Ilmu Ekonomi	14295-6
ID Treccani	cromo
ID Vikidia Perancis	Chrome
ID WordNet 3.1 Synset	14659270-n
ID YSO	20200
ID bahan DSSTox	DTXSID3031022
ID dalam talian Brockhaus Enzyklopädie	chrom
ID kewibawaan Perpustakaan Kongres	sh85025350
ID pemerihal MeSH	D002857
ID rencana Ensiklopedia Kanada	chromium
ID tesaurus Parlimen UK	9168
ID tesaurus RKD	92666
ID topik Quora	Chromium-element
IEDB Epitope ID	114071
InChI	InChI=1S/Cr
InChIKey	VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KEGG ID	C06268
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/HROM.html
Latvian National Encyclopedia Online ID	145861
Maksud Tertakrif OmegaWiki	585
Mindat mineral ID	1037
NDF-RT ID	N0000146088
OpenAlex ID	C511782168
OpenAlex ID	C2909514155
Pengenal Pasti Arkib Negara A.S.	10646811
Pixiv Encyclopedia ID	クロム
Probes And Drugs ID	PD061009
PubChem CID	23976
RxNorm ID	2496
Spanish Cultural Heritage thesauri ID	materias/1000922
Spanish Vikidia ID	Cromo
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/7866
UNII	0R0008Q3JB
USGS Thesaurus ID	1429
WikiSkripta ID	12126
ZVG number	8190
kod entiti Bahasa Wolfram	Entity["Mineral", "Chromium"]
nombor pendaftaran CAS	7440-47-3
pengecam AAT	300011019
pengecam NDL	00567040

Kromium, ²Krom (Cr)

Sifat Fizikal

Sifat Kimia

other

Isotopes of Chromium

41Cr

42Cr

43Cr

44Cr

45Cr

46Cr

47Cr

48Cr

49Cr

50Cr

51Cr

52Cr

53Cr

54Cr

55Cr

56Cr

57Cr

58Cr

59Cr

60Cr

61Cr

62Cr

63Cr

64Cr

65Cr

66Cr

67Cr

68Cr

69Cr

70Cr

sejarah

sumber

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁴¹Cr

⁴²Cr

⁴³Cr

⁴⁴Cr

⁴⁵Cr

⁴⁶Cr

⁴⁷Cr

⁴⁸Cr

⁴⁹Cr

⁵⁰Cr

⁵¹Cr

⁵²Cr

⁵³Cr

⁵⁴Cr

⁵⁵Cr

⁵⁶Cr

⁵⁷Cr

⁵⁸Cr

⁵⁹Cr

⁶⁰Cr

⁶¹Cr

⁶²Cr

⁶³Cr

⁶⁴Cr

⁶⁵Cr

⁶⁶Cr

⁶⁷Cr

⁶⁸Cr

⁶⁹Cr

⁷⁰Cr