Atomic Number | 68 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 167.259 |
Mass Number | 166 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 68 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 98 n0 |
Electrons | 68 e- |
Atomic Radius | 175 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 18.4 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 165 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 89 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 103 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
229 pm
|
Density | 9.07 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | 6.1077 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 317 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | 316.4 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f12 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity |
1.24
|
Electrophilicity | |
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,141.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,802.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000122 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 28.12 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.168 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.2 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000086 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.00000377 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000630566 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0341788
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | 32 K
|
Neel Point | 82 K
|
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.56 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 44 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 28 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 70 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.24
|
Speed of Sound | 2,830 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 22 |
Mendeleev Number | 35 |
Pettifor Number | 23 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 165
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.036
|
Quantum Numbers | 3H6 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 6 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 33 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 33 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 142 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 143 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 144 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2003 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 145 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 900 ± 200 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 146 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.7 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1993 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 147 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.2 ± 1.2 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 148 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.6 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.15% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 149 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1984 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 150 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 18.5 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 151 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 23.5 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 152 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 10.3 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 90% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 10% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | -0.26628571428571 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 37.1 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.42 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 53% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 47% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.73 ± 0.09 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.47% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | -0.19028571428571 ± 0.0014285714285714
|
Half Life | 5.3 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.27 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.978% |
α (α emission) | 0.022% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 19.5 ± 1 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 1.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | -0.274 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 18.65 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.92 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.29 ± 0.06 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | -0.202 ± 0.0013333333333333
|
Half Life | 36 ± 1 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.17 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 28.58 ± 0.09 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | -0.24266666666667 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 3.21 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.363 ± 0.008
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 0.139 ± 0.005
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | 0.2224 ± 0.0016
|
Half Life | 75 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.56 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 1.601 ± 0.003
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | 0.2564 ± 0.0016
|
Half Life | 10.36 ± 0.04 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.71 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 33.503 ± 0.036
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 22.869 ± 0.009
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | -0.16065714285714 ± 0.00011428571428571
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 3.57 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 26.978 ± 0.018
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | 0.9656 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | 9.392 ± 0.018 d
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 14.91 ± 0.036
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | % |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 171 |
G-Factor | 0.2628 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 7.516 ± 0.002 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.86 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 172 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 49.3 ± 0.5 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 173 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.434 ± 0.017 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 174 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.2 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 175 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.2 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 176 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 177 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 178 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 179 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 180 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Erbium was discovered in 1843 by Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who detected it as an impurity in yttria. Using ammonium hydroxide he precipitated fractions of different basicity from yttria. In these fractions he found that the fraction that contained the pink color was erbium. Erbium was named after Ytterby, a town in Sweden
Discoverers | Carl Mosander |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1843 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named after the Swedish town, Ytterby. |
Pronunciation | UR-bi-em (English) |
1 | s | 1.3263 |
2 | p | 4.346 |
2 | s | 17.7984 |
3 | d | 13.6397 |
3 | p | 20.3891 |
3 | s | 20.9231 |
4 | d | 35.7288 |
4 | f | 40.0216 |
4 | p | 32.8908 |
4 | s | 31.768 |
5 | p | 50.528 |
5 | s | 48.282 |
6 | s | 59.5238 |