Atomic Number | 63 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 151.964 |
Mass Number | 153 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 63 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 90 n0 |
Electrons | 63 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 185 pm
|
Molar Volume | 28.9 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 168 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 117 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 131 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
235 pm
|
Density | 5.24 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.864 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 5.670385 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 176 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | 177.4 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | |
Electrophilicity | 1.1104548254099753 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,802.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,095.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Europium is a Silver. Eu has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #61ffc7, and MOLCAS GV of #61ffc7. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 13.9 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.000035 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 27.66 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.182 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.1 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000009 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 1.8 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.000000276 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000041942 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0014473
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | 90.5 K
|
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Europium is BCC. The lattice constant of Eu is 4.61 Å. The lattice angles of Element 63 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 4.61 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Europium has a Vickers of 167 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Eu is 8.3 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 63 is 7.9 GPa. The Young Modulus of Europium (Eu) is 18 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Europium is 0.15. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 8.3 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 7.9 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 18 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.15
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
The Glawe Number of Europium is 17. The Mendeleev Number of Eu is 25. The Pettifor Number of Element 63 is 18. The Geochemical Class of Europium (Eu) is rare earth & related. The Goldschmidt Class of Europium is litophile. | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 17 |
Mendeleev Number | 25 |
Pettifor Number | 18 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
The Dipole Polarizability of Europium is 184 plus or minus 20 a₀. Eu has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 2940 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 63 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Europium (Eu) is 4570. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Europium is 0.6. The Quantum Numbers of Eu is 8S7/2. The Space Group of Element 63 is 229 (Im_3m). | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 4,570
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.6
|
Quantum Numbers | 8S7/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 39 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 39 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 130 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2004 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 131 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 17.8 ± 1.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 89% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 132 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
p (proton emission) | 0% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 133 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 134 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 500 ± 200 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 135 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.5 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 136 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.3 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.09% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 137 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.4 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 138 |
G-Factor | 0.88333333333333 ± 0.11666666666667
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 139 |
G-Factor | 1.1090909090909 ± 0.14545454545455
|
Half Life | 17.9 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 140 |
G-Factor | 1.362 ± 0.013
|
Half Life | 1.51 ± 0.02 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 95.1% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 4.9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 141 |
G-Factor | 1.3944 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 40.7 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.85 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 142 |
G-Factor | 1.532 ± 0.019
|
Half Life | 2.36 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.12 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 89.9% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 10.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 143 |
G-Factor | 1.4656 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 2.59 ± 0.02 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.51 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 144 |
G-Factor | 1.888 ± 0.013
|
Half Life | 10.2 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 145 |
G-Factor | 1.5932 ± 0.0028
|
Half Life | 5.93 ± 0.04 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.29 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 146 |
G-Factor | 0.3555 ± 0.00275
|
Half Life | 4.61 ± 0.03 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.18 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 147 |
G-Factor | 1.486 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 24.1 ± 0.6 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.55 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.0022% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 148 |
G-Factor | 0.4668 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 54.5 ± 0.5 d
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.35 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 9.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 149 |
G-Factor | 1.4224 ± 0.0024
|
Half Life | 93.1 ± 0.4 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.75 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 150 |
G-Factor | 0.5404 ± 0.0022
|
Half Life | 36.9 ± 0.9 y
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.13 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 47.81 ± 0.06
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 151 |
G-Factor | 1.3854 ± 0.001
|
Half Life | 4.6 ± 1.2 Ey
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.903 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 152 |
G-Factor | -0.64513333333333 ± 0.00056666666666667
|
Half Life | 13.517 ± 0.006 y
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.72 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 72.08% |
β− (β− decay) | 27.92% |
Abundance | 52.19 ± 0.06
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | 0.61176 ± 0.00044
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.41 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | -0.66666666666667 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 8.592 ± 0.003 y
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.85 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 99.982% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 0.018% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | 0.6064 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | 4.742 ± 0.008 y
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.5 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 15.19 ± 0.08 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | 0.6 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 15.18 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.6 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 1.44 ± 0.02
|
Half Life | 45.9 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.66 ± 0.14
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | 0.552 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 18.1 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.7 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 42.6 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 26.2 ± 2.3 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 7.7 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.16 ± 0.19 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.53 ± 0.25 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.24 ± 0.12 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.33 ± 0.51 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 200 ± 100 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Europium was first found by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890. In 1896, French chemist Eugène-Antole Demarçay identified spectroscopic lines in ‘samarium' caused by europium. He successfully isolated europium in 1901 using repeated crystallizations of samarium magnesium nitrate. Europium was named after Europe
Discoverers | Eugène Demarçay |
---|---|
Discovery Location | France |
Discovery Year | 1901 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named for the continent of Europe. |
Pronunciation | yoo-RO-pi-em (English) |
Obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other rare earths.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 2 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00000013 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.0000059 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.00000005 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.00000005 %
|
1 | s | 1.2391 |
2 | p | 4.282 |
2 | s | 16.5292 |
3 | d | 13.7472 |
3 | p | 19.716 |
3 | s | 20.1318 |
4 | d | 34.0592 |
4 | f | 38.68 |
4 | p | 31.1252 |
4 | s | 30.132 |
5 | p | 46.445 |
5 | s | 44.41 |
6 | s | 54.8784 |