Atomic Number | 63 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 151.964 |
Mass Number | 153 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 63 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 90 n0 |
Electrons | 63 e- |
Atomic Radius | 185 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 28.9 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 168 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 117 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 131 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
235 pm
|
Density | 5.24 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.864 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 5.670385 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 176 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | 177.4 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 3 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | |
Electrophilicity | 1.1104548254099753 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,802.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,095.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 13.9 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.000035 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 27.66 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.182 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.1 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000009 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 1.8 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.000000276 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000041942 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0014473
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | 90.5 K
|
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 4.61 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 8.3 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 7.9 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 18 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.15
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 17 |
Mendeleev Number | 25 |
Pettifor Number | 18 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 4,570
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.6
|
Quantum Numbers | 8S7/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 39 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 39 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 130 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2004 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 131 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 17.8 ± 1.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 89% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 132 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
p (proton emission) | 0% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 133 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 134 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 500 ± 200 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 135 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.5 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 136 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.3 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.09% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 137 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.4 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 138 |
G-Factor | 0.88333333333333 ± 0.11666666666667
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 139 |
G-Factor | 1.1090909090909 ± 0.14545454545455
|
Half Life | 17.9 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 140 |
G-Factor | 1.362 ± 0.013
|
Half Life | 1.51 ± 0.02 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 95.1% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 4.9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 141 |
G-Factor | 1.3944 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 40.7 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.85 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 142 |
G-Factor | 1.532 ± 0.019
|
Half Life | 2.36 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.12 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 89.9% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 10.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 143 |
G-Factor | 1.4656 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 2.59 ± 0.02 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.51 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 144 |
G-Factor | 1.888 ± 0.013
|
Half Life | 10.2 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 145 |
G-Factor | 1.5932 ± 0.0028
|
Half Life | 5.93 ± 0.04 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.29 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 146 |
G-Factor | 0.3555 ± 0.00275
|
Half Life | 4.61 ± 0.03 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.18 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 147 |
G-Factor | 1.486 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 24.1 ± 0.6 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.55 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.0022% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 148 |
G-Factor | 0.4668 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 54.5 ± 0.5 d
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.35 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 9.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 149 |
G-Factor | 1.4224 ± 0.0024
|
Half Life | 93.1 ± 0.4 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.75 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 150 |
G-Factor | 0.5404 ± 0.0022
|
Half Life | 36.9 ± 0.9 y
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.13 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 47.81 ± 0.06
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 151 |
G-Factor | 1.3854 ± 0.001
|
Half Life | 4.6 ± 1.2 Ey
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.903 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 152 |
G-Factor | -0.64513333333333 ± 0.00056666666666667
|
Half Life | 13.517 ± 0.006 y
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.72 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 72.08% |
β− (β− decay) | 27.92% |
Abundance | 52.19 ± 0.06
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | 0.61176 ± 0.00044
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.41 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | -0.66666666666667 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 8.592 ± 0.003 y
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.85 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 99.982% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 0.018% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | 0.6064 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | 4.742 ± 0.008 y
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.5 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 15.19 ± 0.08 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | 0.6 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 15.18 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.6 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 1.44 ± 0.02
|
Half Life | 45.9 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.66 ± 0.14
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | 0.552 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 18.1 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.7 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 42.6 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 26.2 ± 2.3 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 7.7 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.16 ± 0.19 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.53 ± 0.25 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.24 ± 0.12 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.33 ± 0.51 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 200 ± 100 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Europium was first found by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890. In 1896, French chemist Eugène-Antole Demarçay identified spectroscopic lines in ‘samarium' caused by europium. He successfully isolated europium in 1901 using repeated crystallizations of samarium magnesium nitrate. Europium was named after Europe
Discoverers | Eugène Demarçay |
---|---|
Discovery Location | France |
Discovery Year | 1901 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named for the continent of Europe. |
Pronunciation | yoo-RO-pi-em (English) |
Obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other rare earths.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 2 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00000013 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.0000059 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.00000005 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.00000005 %
|
1 | s | 1.2391 |
2 | p | 4.282 |
2 | s | 16.5292 |
3 | d | 13.7472 |
3 | p | 19.716 |
3 | s | 20.1318 |
4 | d | 34.0592 |
4 | f | 38.68 |
4 | p | 31.1252 |
4 | s | 30.132 |
5 | p | 46.445 |
5 | s | 44.41 |
6 | s | 54.8784 |