Fluorine (F)
Fluorine is the 9th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of F and atomic number of 9. It has an atomic weight of 18.99840 and a mass number of 19. Fluorine has nine protons and ten neutrons in its nucleus, and nine electrons in two shells. It is located in group seventeen, period two and block p of the periodic table. A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
| Atomic Number | 9 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 18.998403163 |
| Mass Number | 19 |
| Group | 17 |
|---|---|
| Period | 2 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 9 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 10 n0 |
| Electrons | 9 e- |
Properties
| Physical Properties | |
|---|---|
| Atomic Radius | 50 pm
|
| Molar Volume | 17.1 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 64 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | 128.5 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 114.5 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
147 pm
|
| Density | 0.001553 g/cm³
|
| Energy | |
| Proton Affinity | 340.1 kJ/mol
|
| Electron Affinity | 3.4011897 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 17.42282 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 6.54 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 0.51 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 79.335 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 7 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 7 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p5ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p5 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -1, 0 |
| Electronegativity |
3.98
|
| Electrophilicity Index | 3.865807423136221 eV/particle
|
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Gas |
| Gas Phase | Diatomic |
| Boiling Point | 85.04 K
|
| Melting Point | 53.48 K
|
| Critical Pressure | 5.1724 MPa
|
| Critical Temperature | 144.41 K
|
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Fluorine is a Colorless. F has a CPK of #daa520, Jmol of #90e050, and MOLCAS GV of #7fd03b. The Refractive Index of Element 9 is 1.000195. | |
| Color | Colorless
|
| Appearance | |
| Refractive Index | 1.000195
|
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.028 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | 31.304 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.824 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | 7/5 |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Fluorine is MCL. The lattice angles of F are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
| Crystal Structure | Base Centered Monoclinic (MCL) |
| Lattice Constant | |
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Fluorine is VIIB. The IUPAC Group of F is VIIA. The Glawe Number of Element 9 is 102. The Mendeleev Number of Fluorine (F) is 106. The Pettifor Number of Fluorine is 102. The Geochemical Class of F is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 9 is litophile. | |
| Category | Halogens, Halogens |
| CAS Group | VIIB |
| IUPAC Group | VIIA |
| Glawe Number | 102 |
| Mendeleev Number | 106 |
| Pettifor Number | 102 |
| Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
| Other | |
The Gas Basicity of Fluorine is 315.1 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of F is 3.74 plus or minus 0.08 a₀. Element 9 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 9.52 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 10.2 a₀. The Allotropes of Fluorine (F) is Difluorine. The Neutron Cross Section of Fluorine is 0.0096. The Neutron Mass Absorption of F is 2.0E-5. The Quantum Numbers of Element 9 is 2P3/2. The Space Group of Fluorine (F) is 15 (C12/c1). | |
| Gas Basicity | 315.1 kJ/mol
|
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 9.52 a₀
|
| Allotropes | Difluorine |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.0096
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00002
|
| Quantum Numbers | 2P3/2 |
| Space Group | 15 (C12/c1) |
Isotopes of Fluorine
| Stable Isotopes | 1 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 18 |
| Radioactive Isotopes | 18 |
13F
| Mass Number | 13 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 4 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) |
14F
| Mass Number | 14 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 5 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 500 ± 60 ys
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2010 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) |
15F
| Mass Number | 15 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 6 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.1 ± 0.3 zs
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1978 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
16F
| Mass Number | 16 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 7 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 21 ± 5 zs
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1964 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
17F
| Mass Number | 17 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 8 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.88852 ± 0.00012
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 64.37 ± 0.027 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.076 ± 0.004
|
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
18F
| Mass Number | 18 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 9 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 109.734 ± 0.008 m
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1937 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
19F
| Mass Number | 19 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 5.256642 ± 0.000008
|
| Abundance | 100
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1920 |
| Parity | + |
20F
| Mass Number | 20 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.046675 ± 0.000045
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 11.0062 ± 0.008 s
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.056 ± 0.004
|
| Discovery Year | 1935 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
21F
| Mass Number | 21 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.56776 ± 0.00048
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.158 ± 0.02 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.011 ± 0.002
|
| Discovery Year | 1955 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
22F
| Mass Number | 22 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 13 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.6736 ± 0.0001
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.23 ± 0.04 s
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.003 ± 0.002
|
| Discovery Year | 1965 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 11% |
23F
| Mass Number | 23 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 14 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.23 ± 0.14 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1970 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 14% |
24F
| Mass Number | 24 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 15 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 384 ± 16 ms
|
| Spin | 3 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1970 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 5.9% |
25F
| Mass Number | 25 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 16 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 80 ± 9 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1970 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 23.1% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
26F
| Mass Number | 26 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 17 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 8.2 ± 0.9 ms
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 13.5% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
27F
| Mass Number | 27 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 18 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5 ± 0.2 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1981 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 77% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
28F
| Mass Number | 28 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 19 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 46 zs
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2012 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | 100% |
29F
| Mass Number | 29 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 20 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.5 ± 0.3 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 60% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
30F
| Mass Number | 30 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 21 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) |
31F
| Mass Number | 31 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 22 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1999 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
History
In 1529, Georigius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux. In 1670 Heinrich Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. In 1810, French scientist Andre-Marie Ampere proposed that fluoric acid was a compound of hydrogen with a new element. The element was finally isolated in 1886 by Henri Moissan. From the Latin and French fluere, flow or flux
| Discoverers | Henri Moissan |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | France |
| Discovery Year | 1886 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: fluere (flow). |
| Pronunciation | FLU-eh-reen (English) |
Fluorine is highly toxic and corrosive
Fluorine reacts violently with water to produce oxygen
Uses
Compounds of fluorine, including sodium fluoride, are used in toothpaste and in drinking water to prevent dental cavities. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) now serve as replacements for CFC refrigerants. Fluorine and its compounds are used in processing nuclear fuel. Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2); also in Teflon.
Sources
Found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 585 mg/kg
|
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 1.3 mg/L
|
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.0037 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.0087 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.00005 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.00004 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.3499 |
| 2 | p | 3.9 |
| 2 | s | 3.8724 |
Also Known As
- F
- element 9
- 9F
Translations
- Italianfluoro
- Norwegian Bokmålfluor
- Frenchfluor
- GermanFluor
- Russianфтор
- Spanishflúor
- Dutchfluor
- Chinese (Traditional)氟
- Hebrewפלואור
- Afrikaansfluoor
- Amharicፍሎሪን
- AragoneseFluor
- Arabicفلور
- AsturianFlúor
- AzerbaijaniFlüor
- Belarusianфтор
- Bulgarianфлуор
- Banglaফ্লোরিন
- BretonFluor
- Bosnianfluor
- Catalanfluor
- CherokeeᏩᎶᏫᏂ
- Central Kurdishفلۆراین
- CorsicanFluoru
- Czechfluor
- ChuvashФтор
- WelshFflworin
- Danishfluor
- Greekφθόριο
- Esperantofluoro
- Estonianfluor
- Basquefluor
- Persianفلوئور
- Finnishfluori
- Northern FrisianFluor
- FriulianFluôr
- Western FrisianFluor
- IrishFluairín
- Galicianflúor
- Manxfluoreen
- Hakka ChineseFuk
- HawaiianFluorine
- Hindiफ्लोरीन
- Fiji HindiFluorine
- CroatianFluor
- Haitian CreoleFliyò
- Hungarianfluor
- Armenianֆտոր
- Interlinguafluor
- Indonesianfluorin
- Idofluoro
- Icelandicflúor
- Japaneseフッ素
- Lojbanli'orkliru
- Georgianფთორი
- KazakhФтор
- Kannadaಫ್ಲೂರೀನ್
- Korean플루오린
- KurdishFluor
- KomiФтор
- Latinfluorum
- LuxembourgishFluor
- LigurianFluö
- LingalaFolina
- LithuanianFluoras
- Latvianfluors
- Maorihau kōwhai
- Macedonianфлуор
- Malayalamഫ്ലൂറിൻ
- Mongolianфтор
- Marathiफ्लोरिन
- Western MariФтор
- Malayfluorin
- Burmeseဖလိုရင်း
- Low GermanFluor
- Nepaliफ्लोरिन
- Norwegian Nynorskfluor
- Novialfluore
- OccitanFluor
- Punjabiਫਲੋਰੀਨ
- Polishfluor
- pnbفلورین
- Portugueseflúor
- QuechuaFlur
- Romanianfluor
- Sicilianfluoru
- Serbo-CroatianFluor
- Sinhalaෆ්ලූවොරින්
- Slovakfluór
- Slovenianfluor
- AlbanianFluori
- Serbianфлуор
- Saterland FrisianFluor
- Swedishfluor
- SwahiliFlorini
- Tamilபுளோரின்
- Teluguఫ్లోరిన్
- TajikФтор
- Thaiฟลูออรีน
- TagalogPlurina
- TurkishFlor
- TatarФтор
- Uyghurفىتور
- Ukrainianфтор
- UzbekFtor
- VepsFtor
- Vietnamesefluor
- WarayFluor
- KalmykФлүр
- Yiddishפלואר
- YorubaFluorínì
- Chinese氟
- CebuanoFluor
- Odiaଫ୍ଲୋରିନ
- PiedmonteseFluòr
- Gujaratiફ્લોરિન
- German (Switzerland)Fluor
- English (Canada)Fluorine
- English (United Kingdom)fluorine
- Portuguese (Brazil)flúor
- Cantonese氟
- Chinese (China)氟
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)氟
- Scotsfluorine
- Newariफ्लोरिन
- Min Nan ChineseHut-sò͘
- ErzyaФтор
- SomaliFoloriin
- Literary Chinese氟
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)фтор
- SilesianFluor
- AromanianFluoru
- LimburgishFluor
- KyrgyzФтор
- cdoHók
- FaroeseFluor
- Scottish GaelicFluarain
- Sanskritफ्लोरिन
- Lombardfluoro
- Maltesefluworin
- Gan Chinese氟
- Paliफ्लोरिन
- azbفلور
- Urduفلورین
- Bhojpuriफ्लोरीन
- Tibetanབཞུར་རླུང་།
- SundaneseFluor
- Chinese (Simplified)氟
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)氟
- Chinese (Malaysia)氟
- Chinese (Singapore)氟
- Chinese (Taiwan)氟
- Lingua Franca Novafluor
- Wu Chinese氟
- Khmerភ្លុយអរ
- oloFtor
- kbpFʊlʊyɔrɩ
- hywՓղուոր
- Santaliᱯᱷᱞᱚᱨᱤᱱ
- ExtremaduranFlúol
- WalloonFluwôr
- Moroccan Arabicفليور
- Bashkirфтор
- Egyptian Arabicفلور
- Pashtoفلورين
- bclPlurina
- CornishFluorin
- Manipuriꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯟ
- BalineseFluorin
- Inari Samifluori
- Malay (Arabic)فلورين
- JavaneseFlorin
- Gandafololiini
- blkဖလိုရဉ်း
- Shonaflourine
- ZuluUFusihwe
- English (United States)fluorine
