Oxygen (O)
Oxygen is the 8th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of O and atomic number of 8. It has an atomic weight of 15.999 and a mass number of 16. Oxygen has eight protons and eight neutrons in its nucleus, and eight electrons in two shells. It is located in group sixteen, period two and block p of the periodic table. A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774.
| Atomic Number | 8 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 15.999 |
| Mass Number | 16 |
| Group | 16 |
|---|---|
| Period | 2 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 8 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 8 n0 |
| Electrons | 8 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | 60 pm
|
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | 14 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 63 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | 135 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 121 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
152 pm
|
| Density | 0.001308 g/cm³
|
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | 485.2 kJ/mol
|
| Electron Affinity | 1.4611135 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 13.618054 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | |
| Heat of Fusion | |
| Heat of Formation | 249.229 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 6 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 6 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p4ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p4 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 |
| Electronegativity |
3.44
|
| Electrophilicity Index | 2.337978174823841 eV/particle
|
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Gas |
| Gas Phase | Diatomic |
| Boiling Point | 90.188 K
|
| Melting Point | 54.36 K
|
| Critical Pressure | 5.043 MPa
|
| Critical Temperature | 154.581 K
|
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Oxygen is a Colorless. O has a CPK of #f00000, Jmol of #ff0d0d, and MOLCAS GV of #f32e42. The Refractive Index of Element 8 is 1.000271. | |
| Color | Colorless
|
| Appearance | |
| Refractive Index | 1.000271
|
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.027 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | 29.378 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.918 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | 7/5 |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | paramagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.000001335 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.0000000427184 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.00000190772
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Oxygen is CUB. The lattice constant of O is 6.83 Å. The lattice angles of Element 8 are π/2, 2.313085, π/2. | |
| Crystal Structure | Base Centered Monoclinic (CUB) |
| Lattice Constant | 6.83 Å
|
| Lattice Angles | π/2, 2.313085, π/2 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
The Speed of Sound of Oxygen is 317.5 m/s. | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | 317.5 m/s
|
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Oxygen is VIB. The IUPAC Group of O is VIA. The Glawe Number of Element 8 is 97. The Mendeleev Number of Oxygen (O) is 99. The Pettifor Number of Oxygen is 101. The Geochemical Class of O is major. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 8 is litophile. | |
| Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
| CAS Group | VIB |
| IUPAC Group | VIA |
| Glawe Number | 97 |
| Mendeleev Number | 99 |
| Pettifor Number | 101 |
| Geochemical Class | major |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other
The Gas Basicity of Oxygen is 459.6 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of O is 5.3 plus or minus 0.2 a₀. Element 8 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 15.6 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 16.7 a₀. The Allotropes of Oxygen (O) are Dioxygen, Ozone, Tetraoxygen. The Neutron Cross Section of Oxygen is 0.00028. The Neutron Mass Absorption of O is 1.0E-6. The Quantum Numbers of Element 8 is 3P2. The Space Group of Oxygen (O) is 12 (C12/m1).
Isotopes of Oxygen
| Stable Isotopes | 3 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 15 |
| Natural Isotopes | 3 |
11O
| Mass Number | 11 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 3 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 198 ± 12 ys
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2019 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2p (2-proton emission) | 100% |
12O
| Mass Number | 12 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 4 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 8.9 ± 3.3 zs
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1978 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2p (2-proton emission) | 100% |
13O
| Mass Number | 13 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 5 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.92613333333333 ± 0.0002
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 8.58 ± 0.05 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.0111 ± 0.0008
|
| Discovery Year | 1963 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 10.9% |
14O
| Mass Number | 14 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 6 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 70.621 ± 0.011 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1949 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
15O
| Mass Number | 15 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 7 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.43816 ± 0.00024
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 122.266 ± 0.043 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
16O
| Mass Number | 16 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 8 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | 99.757 ± 0.011
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1919 |
| Parity | + |
17O
| Mass Number | 17 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 9 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | -0.7574172 ± 0.000004
|
| Abundance | 0.03835 ± 0.00096
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1925 |
| Parity | + |
18O
| Mass Number | 18 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | 0.2045 ± 0.0102
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1929 |
| Parity | + |
19O
| Mass Number | 19 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.612952 ± 0.000028
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 26.47 ± 0.006 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.00362 ± 0.00013
|
| Discovery Year | 1936 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
20O
| Mass Number | 20 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 13.51 ± 0.05 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1959 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
21O
| Mass Number | 21 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 13 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.42 ± 0.1 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1968 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
22O
| Mass Number | 22 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 14 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.25 ± 0.09 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1969 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 22% |
23O
| Mass Number | 23 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 15 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 97 ± 8 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1970 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7% |
24O
| Mass Number | 24 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 16 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 77.4 ± 4.5 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1970 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 43% |
25O
| Mass Number | 25 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 17 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.18 ± 0.35 zs
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2008 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | 100% |
26O
| Mass Number | 26 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 18 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.2 ± 3.3 ps
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2012 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 100% |
27O
| Mass Number | 27 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 19 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
28O
| Mass Number | 28 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 20 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | |
| β− (β− decay) | 0% |
History
Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. From the Greek word oxys, acid, and genes, forming
| Discoverers | Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | England/Sweden |
| Discovery Year | 1774 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former). |
| Pronunciation | OK-si-jen (English) |
Oxygen gas can be toxic at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health problems
Green and red colors in the Aurora Borealis are caused by oxygen atoms
Uses
Pure oxygen is frequently used to help breathing in patients with respiratory ailments. Oxygen is used in oxyacetylene welding, as an oxidant for rocket fuel, and in methanol and ethylene oxide production. It is also used in the production of steel, plastics and textiles. Plants and animals rely on oxygen for respiration. Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation.
Sources
Obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 461,000 mg/kg
|
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 857,000 mg/L
|
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 61 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 40 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.9 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 1 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.3421 |
| 2 | p | 3.5468 |
| 2 | s | 3.5084 |
Also Known As
- O
- element 8
- 8O
- oxygen atom
Translations
- Frenchoxygène
- Polishtlen
- Italianossigeno
- Norwegian Bokmåloksygen
- Russianкислород
- GermanSauerstoff
- Spanishoxígeno
- Dutchzuurstof
- Ilokooksiheno
- Chinese (Traditional)氧
- Upper SorbianKislik
- Esperantooksigeno
- Hebrewחמצן
- Afrikaanssuurstof
- Amharicኦክሲጅን
- AragoneseOxichén
- Old EnglishÆðmlyft
- Arabicأكسجين
- Egyptian Arabicاوكسيجين
- Assameseঅক্সিজেন
- AsturianOxíxenu
- Azerbaijanioksigen
- BashkirКислород
- BavarianSauastoff
- Belarusianкісларод
- Bulgarianкислород
- Banglaঅক্সিজেন
- Tibetanགསོ་རླུང་།
- BretonOksigen
- Bosniankisik
- Catalanoxigen
- Central Kurdishئۆکسجین
- CorsicanOssigenu
- Czechkyslík
- ChuvashЙӳçлĕк
- Welshocsigen
- Danishilt
- Greekοξυγόνο
- Estonianhapnik
- Basqueoxigeno
- Persianاکسیژن
- Finnishhappi
- Northern FrisianSürstoof
- FriulianOssigjen
- Western Frisiansoerstof
- IrishOcsaigin
- Scottish GaelicOgsaidean
- Galicianosíxeno
- GuaraniTatarapo
- Gujaratiપ્રાણવાયુ
- Manxocsygien
- Hakka ChineseYòng
- Hawaiian‘Okikene
- Hindiऑक्सीजन
- Fiji HindiOxygen
- CroatianKisik
- Haitian CreoleOksijèn
- Hungarianoxigén
- Armenianթթվածին
- Interlinguaoxygeno
- Indonesianoksigen
- Idooxo
- Icelandicsúrefni
- Japanese酸素
- Lojbankijno
- JavaneseOksigèn
- Georgianჟანგბადი
- KazakhОттегі
- Kannadaಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ
- Korean산소
- Komi-PermyakШӧмувтыр
- ColognianSauerstoff
- KurdishOksîjen
- KomiШомвачужысь
- Latinoxygenium
- LuxembourgishSauerstoff
- LimburgishZuurstof
- LigurianOscigeno
- LombardUssigen
- LingalaOksijɛ́ní
- Lithuaniandeguonis
- Latvianskābeklis
- MokshaШапафни
- MalagasyÔksizenina
- Mariшопештыш
- Māorihāora
- Macedonianкислород
- Malayalamഓക്സിജൻ
- Mongolianхүчилтөрөгч
- Marathiऑक्सिजन
- Western MariКислород
- Malayoksigen
- Malteseossiġenu
- Burmeseအောက်စီဂျင်
- ErzyaЧапамо чачтый
- nahEhēcayoh
- Low GermanSuerstoff
- Nepaliअक्सिजन
- Newariअक्सिजन
- Norwegian Nynorskoksygen
- NavajoNíłchʼi Yáʼátʼéehii
- Occitanoxigèn
- OromoOxygen
- OsseticТуаггуыр
- Punjabiਆਕਸੀਜਨ
- PampangaOxygen
- Papiamentooksígeno
- Western Panjabiآکسیجن
- Pashtoآکسيجن
- Portugueseoxigénio
- QuechuaMuksichaq
- Romanianoxigen
- RusynОксід
- Sicilianossìgginu
- Serbo-CroatianKiseonik
- Sinhalaඔක්සිජන්
- Slovakkyslík
- Sloveniankisik
- Somalioxygen
- Albanianoksigjeni
- Serbianкисеоник
- Saterland FrisianSuurstof
- Sundaneseoksigén
- Swedishsyre
- SwahiliOksijeni
- Tamilஒட்சிசன்
- Teluguఆక్సిజన్
- Tajikоксиген
- Thaiออกซิเจน
- TagalogOksiheno
- Turkishoksijen
- Tatarуттуар
- Uyghurئوكسىگېن
- UkrainianОксиген
- Urduآکسیجن
- UzbekKislorod
- Venetianosìxeno
- Vepshapanik
- Vietnameseoxy
- WarayOksiheno
- KalmykКүчлтөр
- Yiddishזויערשטאף
- YorubaỌ́ksíjìn
- ZhuangYangj
- Chinese氧
- German (Switzerland)Sauerstoff
- English (Canada)Oxygen
- English (United Kingdom)oxygen
- Portuguese (Brazil)oxigênio
- CebuanoOksihena
- Scotsoxygen
- Odiaଅମ୍ଳଜାନ
- KikuyuOxygen
- Cantonese氧
- Chinese (China)氧
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)氧
- Swiss GermanSuurstoff
- SamogitianDegounis
- Min Nan ChineseSng-sò͘
- Literary Chinese氧
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)тлен
- Chinese (Simplified)氧
- Laoອົກຊີແຊນ
- BuriatХүшэлтүрэгшэ
- PiedmonteseOssìgen
- WalloonOcsidjinne
- YakutКислород
- West FlemishZuurstof
- LezghianКислород
- AromanianOxigenu
- RomanshOxigen
- cdoIōng
- FaroeseSúrevni
- SardinianOssìgenu
- KyrgyzКычкылтек
- Goan Konkaniऑक्सिजन
- Gan Chinese氧
- Bhojpuriऑक्सीजन
- azbاوکسیژن
- Sindhiآڪسيجن
- Volapükloxin
- XhosaI-oxygen
- Jamaican Creole EnglishAxijen
- oloHappamehsuadu
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)氧
- Chinese (Malaysia)氧
- Chinese (Singapore)氧
- Chinese (Taiwan)氧
- Goan Konkani (Latin)Oxygen
- Goan Konkani (Devanagari)ऑक्सिजन
- Paliअक्सिजन
- Lingua Franca Novaosijen
- Tatar (Cyrillic)уттуар
- Wu Chinese氧
- CherokeeᎤᏬᎳᏕᏍᏗ
- ChechenМустлург
- Khmerអុកស៊ីសែន
- Mingrelianჟანგბადი
- Tuluಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ
- kbpƆkɩsɩzɛnɩ
- ExtremaduranOssígenu
- KabyleUksijin
- hywԹթուածին
- gcrOksijèn
- Skolt Samihapp
- Moroccan Arabicأوكسيجين
- FijianOkosijeni
- BalineseOksigén
- Cornishoksyjen
- lldOssigen
- BikolOksiheno
- Manipuriꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ
- Inari Samihappi
- MinangkabauOksigen
- Northern Samioksygena
- Crimean Tataroksigen
- Zuluumoya-mpilo
- Malay (Arabic)اوکسيݢن
- Kashmiriآکسیجَن
- Hausaiskar shaƙa
- skrآکسیجن
- blkအောက်သီစဲန်
- Lower Sorbiankislik
- Silesiantlyn
