Oxygen

Oxygen (O)

Oxygen is the 8th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of O and atomic number of 8. It has an atomic weight of 15.999 and a mass number of 16. Oxygen has eight protons and eight neutrons in its nucleus, and eight electrons in two shells. It is located in group sixteen, period two and block p of the periodic table. A colourless, odourless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774.
Atomic Number8
Atomic Weight15.999
Mass Number16
Group16
Period2
Blockp
Protons8 p+
Neutrons8 n0
Electrons8 e-
Animated Bohr Model of O (Oxygen)

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius
Molar Volume
Covalent Radius
Metallic Radius
Ionic Radius
Crystal Radius
Van der Waals Radius
Density
Atomic Radii of the Elements: Oxygen0102030405060708090100110120130140150160pmAtomic RadiusCovalent RadiusMetallic RadiusVan der Waals Radius

Chemical Properties

Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energies of O (Oxygen)
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Formation
Electrons
Electron Shells2, 6
Bohr Model: O (Oxygen)
Valence Electrons6
Lewis Structure: O (Oxygen)
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2 2p4
1s2 2s2 2p4
Enhanced Bohr Model of O (Oxygen)
Orbital Diagram of O (Oxygen)
Oxidation States-2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Electronegativity
3.44
Electrophilicity Index
States of Matter
PhaseGas
Gas PhaseDiatomic
Boiling Point
Melting Point
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual

Oxygen is a Colorless. O has a CPK of #f00000, Jmol of #ff0d0d, and MOLCAS GV of #f32e42. The Refractive Index of Element 8 is 1.000271.

Color
Colorless
Appearance
Refractive Index
1.000271
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion
Molar Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)7/5
Electrical Properties
Type
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Resistivity
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Typeparamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
0.000001335 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
0.0000000427184 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
0.00000190772
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure

The Crystal Structure of Oxygen is CUB. The lattice constant of O is 6.83 Å. The lattice angles of Element 8 are π/2, 2.313085, π/2.

Crystal StructureBase Centered Monoclinic (CUB)
Lattice Constant
Lattice Anglesπ/2, 2.313085, π/2
Mechanical Properties

The Speed of Sound of Oxygen is 317.5 m/s.

Hardness
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Young's Modulus
Poisson Ratio
Speed of Sound
Classification

The CAS Group of Oxygen is VIB. The IUPAC Group of O is VIA. The Glawe Number of Element 8 is 97. The Mendeleev Number of Oxygen (O) is 99. The Pettifor Number of Oxygen is 101. The Geochemical Class of O is major. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 8 is litophile.

CategoryOther nonmetals, Nonmetals
CAS GroupVIB
IUPAC GroupVIA
Glawe Number97
Mendeleev Number99
Pettifor Number101
Geochemical Classmajor
Goldschmidt Classlitophile

Other

The Gas Basicity of Oxygen is 459.6 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of O is 5.3 plus or minus 0.2 a₀. Element 8 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 15.6 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 16.7 a₀. The Allotropes of Oxygen (O) are Dioxygen, Ozone, Tetraoxygen. The Neutron Cross Section of Oxygen is 0.00028. The Neutron Mass Absorption of O is 1.0E-6. The Quantum Numbers of Element 8 is 3P2. The Space Group of Oxygen (O) is 12 (C12/m1).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
AllotropesDioxygen, Ozone, Tetraoxygen
Neutron Cross Section
0.00028
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.000001
Quantum Numbers3P2
Space Group12 (C12/m1)

Isotopes of Oxygen

Stable Isotopes3
Unstable Isotopes15
Natural Isotopes3
Isotopic Composition1699.76%1699.76%170.04%170.04%180.20%180.20%

11O

Mass Number11
Neutron Number3
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
198 ± 12 ys
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2019
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
2p (2-proton emission)100%

12O

Mass Number12
Neutron Number4
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
8.9 ± 3.3 zs
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1978
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
2p (2-proton emission)100%

13O

Mass Number13
Neutron Number5
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0.92613333333333 ± 0.0002
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
8.58 ± 0.05 ms
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.0111 ± 0.0008
Discovery Year1963
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)10.9%

14O

Mass Number14
Neutron Number6
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
70.621 ± 0.011 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1949
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

15O

Mass Number15
Neutron Number7
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.43816 ± 0.00024
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
122.266 ± 0.043 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1934
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

16O

Mass Number16
Neutron Number8
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
99.757 ± 0.011
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1919
Parity+

17O

Mass Number17
Neutron Number9
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.7574172 ± 0.000004
Abundance
0.03835 ± 0.00096
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1925
Parity+

18O

Mass Number18
Neutron Number10
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
0.2045 ± 0.0102
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1929
Parity+

19O

Mass Number19
Neutron Number11
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0.612952 ± 0.000028
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
26.47 ± 0.006 s
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.00362 ± 0.00013
Discovery Year1936
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

20O

Mass Number20
Neutron Number12
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
13.51 ± 0.05 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1959
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

21O

Mass Number21
Neutron Number13
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
3.42 ± 0.1 s
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1968
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)

22O

Mass Number22
Neutron Number14
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.25 ± 0.09 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1969
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)22%

23O

Mass Number23
Neutron Number15
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
97 ± 8 ms
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1970
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)7%

24O

Mass Number24
Neutron Number16
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
77.4 ± 4.5 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1970
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)43%

25O

Mass Number25
Neutron Number17
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
5.18 ± 0.35 zs
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2008
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
n (neutron emission)100%

26O

Mass Number26
Neutron Number18
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
4.2 ± 3.3 ps
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year2012
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
2n (2-neutron emission)100%

27O

Mass Number27
Neutron Number19
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
n (neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

28O

Mass Number28
Neutron Number20
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
2n (2-neutron emission)
β (β decay)0%
Liquid oxygen in a beaker 4
8 oxygen (O) Bohr model

History

Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. From the Greek word oxys, acid, and genes, forming

DiscoverersJoseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Discovery LocationEngland/Sweden
Discovery Year1774
Etymology (Name Origin)Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former).
PronunciationOK-si-jen (English)
Oxygen gas can be toxic at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions and other health problems
Green and red colors in the Aurora Borealis are caused by oxygen atoms

Uses

Pure oxygen is frequently used to help breathing in patients with respiratory ailments. Oxygen is used in oxyacetylene welding, as an oxidant for rocket fuel, and in methanol and ethylene oxide production. It is also used in the production of steel, plastics and textiles. Plants and animals rely on oxygen for respiration. Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation.

Sources

Obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
Natural Abundance (Oceans)
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
61 %
Natural Abundance (Meteor)
40 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)
0.9 %
Abundance in Universe
1 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.3421
2p3.5468
2s3.5084

Also Known As

  • O
  • element 8
  • 8O
  • oxygen atom

Translations

  • Frenchoxygène
  • Polishtlen
  • Italianossigeno
  • Norwegian Bokmåloksygen
  • Russianкислород
  • GermanSauerstoff
  • Spanishoxígeno
  • Dutchzuurstof
  • Ilokooksiheno
  • Chinese (Traditional)
  • Upper SorbianKislik
  • Esperantooksigeno
  • Hebrewחמצן
  • Afrikaanssuurstof
  • Amharicኦክሲጅን
  • AragoneseOxichén
  • Old EnglishÆðmlyft
  • Arabicأكسجين
  • Egyptian Arabicاوكسيجين
  • Assameseঅক্সিজেন
  • AsturianOxíxenu
  • Azerbaijanioksigen
  • BashkirКислород
  • BavarianSauastoff
  • Belarusianкісларод
  • Bulgarianкислород
  • Banglaঅক্সিজেন
  • Tibetanགསོ་རླུང་།
  • BretonOksigen
  • Bosniankisik
  • Catalanoxigen
  • Central Kurdishئۆکسجین
  • CorsicanOssigenu
  • Czechkyslík
  • ChuvashЙӳçлĕк
  • Welshocsigen
  • Danishilt
  • Greekοξυγόνο
  • Estonianhapnik
  • Basqueoxigeno
  • Persianاکسیژن
  • Finnishhappi
  • Northern FrisianSürstoof
  • FriulianOssigjen
  • Western Frisiansoerstof
  • IrishOcsaigin
  • Scottish GaelicOgsaidean
  • Galicianosíxeno
  • GuaraniTatarapo
  • Gujaratiપ્રાણવાયુ
  • Manxocsygien
  • Hakka ChineseYòng
  • Hawaiian‘Okikene
  • Hindiऑक्सीजन
  • Fiji HindiOxygen
  • CroatianKisik
  • Haitian CreoleOksijèn
  • Hungarianoxigén
  • Armenianթթվածին
  • Interlinguaoxygeno
  • Indonesianoksigen
  • Idooxo
  • Icelandicsúrefni
  • Japanese酸素
  • Lojbankijno
  • JavaneseOksigèn
  • Georgianჟანგბადი
  • KazakhОттегі
  • Kannadaಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ
  • Korean산소
  • Komi-PermyakШӧмувтыр
  • ColognianSauerstoff
  • KurdishOksîjen
  • KomiШомвачужысь
  • Latinoxygenium
  • LuxembourgishSauerstoff
  • LimburgishZuurstof
  • LigurianOscigeno
  • LombardUssigen
  • LingalaOksijɛ́ní
  • Lithuaniandeguonis
  • Latvianskābeklis
  • MokshaШапафни
  • MalagasyÔksizenina
  • Mariшопештыш
  • Māorihāora
  • Macedonianкислород
  • Malayalamഓക്സിജൻ
  • Mongolianхүчилтөрөгч
  • Marathiऑक्सिजन
  • Western MariКислород
  • Malayoksigen
  • Malteseossiġenu
  • Burmeseအောက်စီဂျင်
  • ErzyaЧапамо чачтый
  • nahEhēcayoh
  • Low GermanSuerstoff
  • Nepaliअक्सिजन
  • Newariअक्सिजन
  • Norwegian Nynorskoksygen
  • NavajoNíłchʼi Yáʼátʼéehii
  • Occitanoxigèn
  • OromoOxygen
  • OsseticТуаггуыр
  • Punjabiਆਕਸੀਜਨ
  • PampangaOxygen
  • Papiamentooksígeno
  • Western Panjabiآکسیجن
  • Pashtoآکسيجن
  • Portugueseoxigénio
  • QuechuaMuksichaq
  • Romanianoxigen
  • RusynОксід
  • Sicilianossìgginu
  • Serbo-CroatianKiseonik
  • Sinhalaඔක්සිජන්
  • Slovakkyslík
  • Sloveniankisik
  • Somalioxygen
  • Albanianoksigjeni
  • Serbianкисеоник
  • Saterland FrisianSuurstof
  • Sundaneseoksigén
  • Swedishsyre
  • SwahiliOksijeni
  • Tamilஒட்சிசன்
  • Teluguఆక్సిజన్
  • Tajikоксиген
  • Thaiออกซิเจน
  • TagalogOksiheno
  • Turkishoksijen
  • Tatarуттуар
  • Uyghurئوكسىگېن
  • UkrainianОксиген
  • Urduآکسیجن
  • UzbekKislorod
  • Venetianosìxeno
  • Vepshapanik
  • Vietnameseoxy
  • WarayOksiheno
  • KalmykКүчлтөр
  • Yiddishזויערשטאף
  • YorubaỌ́ksíjìn
  • ZhuangYangj
  • Chinese
  • German (Switzerland)Sauerstoff
  • English (Canada)Oxygen
  • English (United Kingdom)oxygen
  • Portuguese (Brazil)oxigênio
  • CebuanoOksihena
  • Scotsoxygen
  • Odiaଅମ୍ଳଜାନ
  • KikuyuOxygen
  • Cantonese
  • Chinese (China)
  • Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)
  • Swiss GermanSuurstoff
  • SamogitianDegounis
  • Min Nan ChineseSng-sò͘
  • Literary Chinese
  • Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)тлен
  • Chinese (Simplified)
  • Laoອົກຊີແຊນ
  • BuriatХүшэлтүрэгшэ
  • PiedmonteseOssìgen
  • WalloonOcsidjinne
  • YakutКислород
  • West FlemishZuurstof
  • LezghianКислород
  • AromanianOxigenu
  • RomanshOxigen
  • cdoIōng
  • FaroeseSúrevni
  • SardinianOssìgenu
  • KyrgyzКычкылтек
  • Goan Konkaniऑक्सिजन
  • Gan Chinese
  • Bhojpuriऑक्सीजन
  • azbاوکسیژن
  • Sindhiآڪسيجن
  • Volapükloxin
  • XhosaI-oxygen
  • Jamaican Creole EnglishAxijen
  • oloHappamehsuadu
  • Chinese (Macao SAR China)
  • Chinese (Malaysia)
  • Chinese (Singapore)
  • Chinese (Taiwan)
  • Goan Konkani (Latin)Oxygen
  • Goan Konkani (Devanagari)ऑक्सिजन
  • Paliअक्सिजन
  • Lingua Franca Novaosijen
  • Tatar (Cyrillic)уттуар
  • Wu Chinese
  • CherokeeᎤᏬᎳᏕᏍᏗ
  • ChechenМустлург
  • Khmerអុកស៊ីសែន
  • Mingrelianჟანგბადი
  • Tuluಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ
  • kbpƆkɩsɩzɛnɩ
  • ExtremaduranOssígenu
  • KabyleUksijin
  • hywԹթուածին
  • gcrOksijèn
  • Skolt Samihapp
  • Moroccan Arabicأوكسيجين
  • FijianOkosijeni
  • BalineseOksigén
  • Cornishoksyjen
  • lldOssigen
  • BikolOksiheno
  • Manipuriꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ
  • Inari Samihappi
  • MinangkabauOksigen
  • Northern Samioksygena
  • Crimean Tataroksigen
  • Zuluumoya-mpilo
  • Malay (Arabic)اوکسيݢن
  • Kashmiriآکسیجَن
  • Hausaiskar shaƙa
  • skrآکسیجن
  • blkအောက်သီစဲန်
  • Lower Sorbiankislik
  • Silesiantlyn