Atomic Number | 8 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 15.999 |
Mass Number | 16 |
Group | 16 |
---|---|
Period | 2 |
Block | p |
Protons | 8 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 8 n0 |
Electrons | 8 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 60 pm
|
Molar Volume | 14 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 63 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 135 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 121 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 152 pm
|
Density | 0.001308 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 485.2 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 1.4611135 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 13.618054 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | 249.229 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 6 |
Valence Electrons | 6 |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p4 |
Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 |
Electronegativity | 3.44
|
Electrophilicity | 2.337978174823841 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Gas |
Gas Phase | Diatomic |
Boiling Point | 90.188 K
|
Melting Point | 54.36 K
|
Critical Pressure | 5.043 MPa
|
Critical Temperature | 154.581 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Oxygen is a Colorless. O has a CPK of #f00000, Jmol of #ff0d0d, and MOLCAS GV of #f32e42. The Refractive Index of Element 8 is 1.000271. | |
Color | Colorless
|
Appearance | |
Refractive Index | 1.000271
|
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 0.027 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | 29.378 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.918 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | 7/5 |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Electrical Resistivity | |
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.000001335 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.0000000427184 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.00000190772
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Oxygen is CUB. The lattice constant of O is 6.83 Å. The lattice angles of Element 8 are π/2, 2.313085, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Base Centered Monoclinic (CUB) |
Lattice Constant | 6.83 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, 2.313085, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
The Speed of Sound of Oxygen is 317.5 m/s. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 317.5 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Oxygen is VIB. The IUPAC Group of O is VIA. The Glawe Number of Element 8 is 97. The Mendeleev Number of Oxygen (O) is 99. The Pettifor Number of Oxygen is 101. The Geochemical Class of O is major. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 8 is litophile. | |
Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
CAS Group | VIB |
IUPAC Group | VIA |
Glawe Number | 97 |
Mendeleev Number | 99 |
Pettifor Number | 101 |
Geochemical Class | major |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
The Gas Basicity of Oxygen is 459.6 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of O is 5.3 plus or minus 0.2 a₀. Element 8 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 15.6 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 16.7 a₀. The Allotropes of Oxygen (O) are Dioxygen, Ozone, Tetraoxygen. The Neutron Cross Section of Oxygen is 0.00028. The Neutron Mass Absorption of O is 1.0E-6. The Quantum Numbers of Element 8 is 3P2. The Space Group of Oxygen (O) is 12 (C12/m1). | |
Gas Basicity | 459.6 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 15.6 a₀
|
Allotropes | Dioxygen, Ozone, Tetraoxygen |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.00028
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.000001
|
Quantum Numbers | 3P2 |
Space Group | 12 (C12/m1) |
Stable Isotopes | 3 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 15 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 13 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 11 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 198 ± 12 ys
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2019 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 12 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 8.9 ± 3.3 zs
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 13 |
G-Factor | 0.92613333333333 ± 0.0002
|
Half Life | 8.58 ± 0.05 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.0111 ± 0.0008
|
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 10.9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 14 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 70.621 ± 0.011 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 15 |
G-Factor | 1.43816 ± 0.00024
|
Half Life | 122.266 ± 0.043 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 99.757 ± 0.011
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 16 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1919 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 0.03835 ± 0.00096
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 17 |
G-Factor | -0.7574172 ± 0.000004
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1925 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 0.2045 ± 0.0102
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 18 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1929 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 19 |
G-Factor | 0.612952 ± 0.000028
|
Half Life | 26.47 ± 0.006 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.00362 ± 0.00013
|
Discovery Year | 1936 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 20 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 13.51 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 21 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.42 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 22 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.25 ± 0.09 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 22% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 23 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 97 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 24 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 77.4 ± 4.5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 43% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 25 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.18 ± 0.35 zs
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2008 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
n (neutron emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 26 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.2 ± 3.3 ps
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2n (2-neutron emission) | 100% |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 27 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
n (neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 28 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
β− (β− decay) | 0% |
Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. From the Greek word oxys, acid, and genes, forming
Discoverers | Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele |
---|---|
Discovery Location | England/Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1774 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former). |
Pronunciation | OK-si-jen (English) |
Obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 461,000 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 857,000 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 61 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 40 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.9 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 1 %
|
1 | s | 0.3421 |
2 | p | 3.5468 |
2 | s | 3.5084 |