Atomic Number | 26 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 55.845 |
Mass Number | 56 |
Group | 8 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 26 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 30 n0 |
Electrons | 26 e- |
Atomic Radius | 140 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 7.1 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 116 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 117 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 63 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 77 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 204 pm
|
Density | 7.87 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 754 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.151 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 7.9024678 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 340 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 13.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 415.5 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 14, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d6 4s2 |
Oxidation States | -4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 |
Electronegativity | 1.83
|
Electrophilicity | 1.045904228706801 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,134.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,811.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | 9,340.15 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 80.4 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000118 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.1 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.449 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 10 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000009700000000001 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | ferromagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | 1,043 K
|
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 2.87 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 4 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 170 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 82 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 211 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.29
|
Speed of Sound | 4,910 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VIIIA |
IUPAC Group | VIII |
Glawe Number | 71 |
Mendeleev Number | 59 |
Pettifor Number | 61 |
Geochemical Class | major |
Goldschmidt Class | siderophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 731.1 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 482 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 2.56
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0015
|
Quantum Numbers | 5D4 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 4 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 28 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 28 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.5 ± 0.2 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | 70% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 30% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 18.9% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 7.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 13 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 78.7% |
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 21.9 ± 0.2 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 88.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 45.3 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 15.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 64.7 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 56.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 152 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 305.4 ± 2.3 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 8.275 ± 0.008 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | -0.18571428571429 ± 0.0028571428571429
|
Half Life | 8.51 ± 0.02 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 5.845 ± 0.105
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.7562 ± 0.0004 y
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 91.754 ± 0.106
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 2.119 ± 0.029
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 0.282 ± 0.012
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | -0.22386666666667 ± 0.00026666666666667
|
Half Life | 44.5 ± 0.012 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.62 ± 0.04 My
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.98 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 68 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.1 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 805 ± 10 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 467 ± 29 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 394 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 188 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 162 ± 7 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 61.4 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 34.3 ± 2.6 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 17 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 12.9 ± 1.6 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 5 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2013 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
The first iron used by humans is likely to have come from meteorites. The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the iron age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. From the Latin word ferrum
Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
---|---|
Discovery Location | |
Discovery Year | |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Anglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron). |
Pronunciation | EYE-ern (English) |
Obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom. This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides and liquified where it flows to the bottom
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 56,300 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.002 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.006 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 22 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.1 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.11 %
|
1 | s | 0.619 |
2 | p | 3.9112 |
2 | s | 7.401 |
3 | d | 14.8202 |
3 | p | 13.2221 |
3 | s | 12.3239 |
4 | s | 20.566 |