Atomic Number | 12 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 24.305 |
Mass Number | 24 |
Group | 2 |
---|---|
Period | 3 |
Block | s |
Protons | 12 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 12 n0 |
Electrons | 12 e- |
Atomic Radius | 150 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 14 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 139 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 136 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 57 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 71 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 173 pm
|
Density | 1.74 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 819.6 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | 7.646235 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 131.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 9.2 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 147.1 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2 |
Electronegativity | 1.31
|
Electrophilicity | |
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,363.15 K
|
Melting Point | 923.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | shiny grey solid |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 156 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000248 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 24.869 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 1.023 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 23 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000004399999999999 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000069 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000168 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.000012
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.21 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 2.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 45 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 17 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 45 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.29
|
Speed of Sound | 4,602 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Alkaline earth metals, Alkaline earth metals |
CAS Group | IIA |
IUPAC Group | IIA |
Glawe Number | 73 |
Mendeleev Number | 76 |
Pettifor Number | 73 |
Geochemical Class | major |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 797.3 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 626 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.063
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0001
|
Quantum Numbers | 1S0 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 3 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 20 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 18 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 19 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5 ± 3 ps
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 20 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 90.4 ± 0.5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 30.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 21 |
G-Factor | -0.3932 ± 0.0028
|
Half Life | 120 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 20.1% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.116% |
B+pA | 0.016% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 22 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.8745 ± 0.0007 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 23 |
G-Factor | -0.35753333333333 ± 0.0002
|
Half Life | 11.3039 ± 0.0032 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.114 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 78.965 ± 0.049
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 24 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 10.011 ± 0.013
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 25 |
G-Factor | -0.342132 ± 0.000012
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.199 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 11.025 ± 0.038
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 26 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 27 |
G-Factor | -0.8212 ± 0.003
|
Half Life | 9.435 ± 0.027 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 28 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 20.915 ± 0.009 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 29 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.3 ± 0.12 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.16 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 30 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 317 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.06% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 31 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 270 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 6.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 32 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 80.4 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 5.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 33 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 92 ± 1.2 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.13 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 14% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 34 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 44.9 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 21% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 0.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 35 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.3 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 52% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 36 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.9 ± 1.3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 48% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 37 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 38 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
n (neutron emission) | % |
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Scottish chemist Joseph Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Magnesium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808, in London. He used electrolysis on a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide. Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. From Magnesia, district in Thessaly
Discoverers | Sir Humphrey Davy |
---|---|
Discovery Location | England |
Discovery Year | 1808 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From Magnesia ancient city in district of Thessaly, Greece. |
Pronunciation | mag-NEE-zih-em (English) |
Usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) found in sea water. Each cubic mile of seawater contains about 12 billion pounds of magnesium.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 23,300 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 1,290 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.027 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 12 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.07 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.06 %
|
1 | s | 0.3911 |
2 | p | 4.1742 |
2 | s | 4.608 |
3 | s | 8.6925 |