Nitrogen

Nitrogen (N)

Nitrogen is the 7th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of N and atomic number of 7. It has an atomic weight of 14.007 and a mass number of 14. Nitrogen has seven protons and seven neutrons in its nucleus, and seven electrons in two shells. It is located in group fifteen, period two and block p of the periodic table. Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
Atomic Number7
Atomic Weight14.007
Mass Number14
Group15
Period2
Blockp
Protons7 p+
Neutrons7 n0
Electrons7 e-
Animated Bohr Model of N (Nitrogen)

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius
65 pm
Molar Volume
Covalent Radius
71 pm
Metallic Radius
Ionic Radius
146 pm
Crystal Radius
132 pm
Van der Waals Radius
155 pm
Density
0.001145 g/cm³
Atomic Radii of the Elements: Nitrogen0102030405060708090100110120130140150160pmAtomic RadiusCovalent RadiusMetallic RadiusVan der Waals Radius

Chemical Properties

Energy
Proton Affinity
342.2 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
14.53413 eV/particle
Ionization Energies of N (Nitrogen)
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Formation
472.44 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells2, 5
Bohr Model: N (Nitrogen)
Valence Electrons5
Lewis Structure: N (Nitrogen)
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2 2p3
1s2 2s2 2p3
Enhanced Bohr Model of N (Nitrogen)
Orbital Diagram of N (Nitrogen)
Oxidation States-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Electronegativity
3.04
Electrophilicity Index
1.353269450990578 eV/particle
States of Matter
PhaseGas
Gas PhaseDiatomic
Boiling Point
77.355 K
Melting Point
63.15 K
Critical Pressure
3.3958 MPa
Critical Temperature
126.192 K
Triple Point
63.151 K
12.52 kPa
Visual

Nitrogen is a Colorless. N has a CPK of #8f8fff, Jmol of #3050f8, and MOLCAS GV of #3753bb. The Appearance of Element 7 is colorless gas, liquid or solid. The Refractive Index of Nitrogen (N) is 1.000298.

Color
Colorless
Appearancecolorless gas, liquid or solid
Refractive Index
1.000298
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity
0.026 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion
Molar Heat Capacity
29.124 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)7/5
Electrical Properties
Type
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Resistivity
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Typediamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
-0.0000000054 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
-0.00000000015 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
-0.0000000068
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure

The Crystal Structure of Nitrogen is HEX. The lattice constant of N is 4.039 Å. The lattice angles of Element 7 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.

Crystal StructureSimple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant
4.039 Å
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties

The Speed of Sound of Nitrogen is 333.6 m/s.

Hardness
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Young's Modulus
Poisson Ratio
Speed of Sound
333.6 m/s
Classification

The CAS Group of Nitrogen is VB. The IUPAC Group of N is VA. The Glawe Number of Element 7 is 88. The Mendeleev Number of Nitrogen (N) is 93. The Pettifor Number of Nitrogen is 100. The Geochemical Class of N is volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 7 is atmophile.

CategoryOther nonmetals, Nonmetals
CAS GroupVB
IUPAC GroupVA
Glawe Number88
Mendeleev Number93
Pettifor Number100
Geochemical Classvolatile
Goldschmidt Classatmophile

Other

The Gas Basicity of Nitrogen is 318.7 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of N is 7.4 plus or minus 0.2 a₀. Element 7 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 24.2 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 25.7 a₀. The Allotropes of Nitrogen (N) is Dinitrogen. The Neutron Cross Section of Nitrogen is 1.91. The Neutron Mass Absorption of N is 0.0048. The Quantum Numbers of Element 7 is 4S3/2. The Space Group of Nitrogen (N) is 194 (P63/mmc).

Gas Basicity
318.7 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability
7.4 ± 0.2 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
24.2 a₀
AllotropesDinitrogen
Neutron Cross Section
1.91
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.0048
Quantum Numbers4S3/2
Space Group194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Nitrogen

Stable Isotopes2
Unstable Isotopes14
Natural Isotopes2
Isotopic Composition1499.62%1499.62%150.38%150.38%

10N

Mass Number10
Neutron Number3
Relative Atomic Mass
10.04165354 ± 0.000429417 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
143 ± 36 ys
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2002
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
p (proton emission)

11N

Mass Number11
Neutron Number4
Relative Atomic Mass
11.026157593 ± 0.000005368 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
585 ± 7 ys
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1974
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
p (proton emission)100%

12N

Mass Number12
Neutron Number5
Relative Atomic Mass
12.01861318 ± 0.000001073 Da
G-Factor
0.4571 ± 0.0001
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
11 ± 0.016 ms
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
0.01 ± 0.0009
Discovery Year1949
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+α (β+-delayed α emission)1.93%

13N

Mass Number13
Neutron Number6
Relative Atomic Mass
13.005738609 ± 0.000000289 Da
G-Factor
0.6438 ± 0.0008
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
9.965 ± 0.004 m
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1934
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

14N

Mass Number14
Neutron Number7
Relative Atomic Mass
14.00307400425 ± 0.00000000024 Da
G-Factor
0.403573 ± 0.000002
Abundance
99.6205 ± 0.0247
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1920
Parity+

15N

Mass Number15
Neutron Number8
Relative Atomic Mass
15.00010889827 ± 0.00000000062 Da
G-Factor
-0.5661138 ± 0.0000028
Abundance
0.3795 ± 0.0247
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1929
Parity-

16N

Mass Number16
Neutron Number9
Relative Atomic Mass
16.006101925 ± 0.00000247 Da
G-Factor
0.9928 ± 0.00055
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
7.13 ± 0.02 s
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
-0.018 ± 0.002
Discovery Year1933
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
βα (β-delayed α emission)0.00154%

17N

Mass Number17
Neutron Number10
Relative Atomic Mass
17.008448876 ± 0.000016103 Da
G-Factor
0.7104 ± 0.0008
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
4.173 ± 0.004 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1949
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)95.1%
βα (β-delayed α emission)0.0025%

18N

Mass Number18
Neutron Number11
Relative Atomic Mass
18.014077563 ± 0.000019935 Da
G-Factor
0.3274 ± 0.0004
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
619.2 ± 1.9 ms
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
0.0123 ± 0.0012
Discovery Year1964
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)7%
βα (β-delayed α emission)12.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

19N

Mass Number19
Neutron Number12
Relative Atomic Mass
19.017022389 ± 0.00001761 Da
G-Factor
0.61 ± 0.03
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
336 ± 3 ms
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1968
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)41.8%

20N

Mass Number20
Neutron Number13
Relative Atomic Mass
20.023367295 ± 0.000084696 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
136 ± 3 ms
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1969
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)42.9%
2n (2-neutron emission)

21N

Mass Number21
Neutron Number14
Relative Atomic Mass
21.027087573 ± 0.000143906 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
85 ± 5 ms
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1970
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)87%
2n (2-neutron emission)

22N

Mass Number22
Neutron Number15
Relative Atomic Mass
22.034100918 ± 0.00022306 Da
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
23 ± 3 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1979
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)34%
2n (2-neutron emission)12%

23N

Mass Number23
Neutron Number16
Relative Atomic Mass
23.039421 ± 0.0004515 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
13.9 ± 1.4 ms
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1985
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)42%
2n (2-neutron emission)8%
3n (3-neutron emission)3.4%

24N

Mass Number24
Neutron Number17
Relative Atomic Mass
24.05039 ± 0.00043 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
n (neutron emission)

25N

Mass Number25
Neutron Number18
Relative Atomic Mass
25.0601 ± 0.00054 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
n (neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)
β (β decay)
Fluessiger Stickstoff

History

Nitrogen is considered to have been discovered by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air. It was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish and Joseph Priestley. In 1790 the French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal named the element nitrogen. From the Latin word nitrum, Greek Nitron, native soda; and genes, forming

DiscoverersDaniel Rutherford
Discovery LocationScotland
Discovery Year1772
Etymology (Name Origin)Greek: nitron and genes, (soda forming).
PronunciationNYE-treh-gen (English)
Rapid release of nitrogen gas into an enclosed space can displace oxygen, and therefore represents an asphyxiation hazard
Nitrogen is present in all living organisms, in proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules

Uses

Nitrogen is used to produce ammonia and fertilizers, vital for current food production methods. Liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant. Nitric acid is used as an oxidizing agent in liquid fueled rockets. Nitrogen is a constituent of molecules in every major drug class in pharmacology and medicine. Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery.

Sources

Obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
Natural Abundance (Oceans)
0.5 mg/L
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
2.6 %
Natural Abundance (Meteor)
0.14 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)
0.1 %
Abundance in Universe
0.1 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.3349
2p3.166
2s3.1526

Also Known As

  • N
  • element 7
  • 7N

Translations

  • Frenchazote
  • Italianazoto
  • Dutchstikstof
  • Norwegian Bokmålnitrogen
  • GermanStickstoff
  • Spanishnitrógeno
  • Chinese (Traditional)
  • Hebrewחנקן
  • Afrikaansstikstof
  • Amharicናይትሮጅን
  • AragoneseNitrochén
  • Arabicنيتروجين
  • AsturianNitróxenu
  • AzerbaijaniAzot
  • Belarusianазот
  • Bulgarianазот
  • Banglaনাইট্রোজেন
  • BretonNitrogen
  • Bosniandušik
  • Catalannitrogen
  • CherokeeᎾᎢᏠᏤᏂ
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  • CorsicanAzotu
  • Czechdusík
  • ChuvashАзот
  • Welshnitrogen
  • Danishkvælstof
  • Greekάζωτο
  • Esperantonitrogeno
  • Estonianlämmastik
  • Basquenitrogeno
  • Persianنیتروژن
  • Finnishtyppi
  • Northern FrisianStikstoof
  • FriulianAzôt
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  • Irishnítrigin
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  • Manxneetragien
  • Hakka ChineseTham
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  • Fiji HindiNitrogen
  • CroatianDušik
  • Upper SorbianDusyk
  • Haitian CreoleAzòt
  • Hungariannitrogén
  • Armenianազոտ
  • Interlinguanitrogeno
  • Indonesiannitrogen
  • Ilokonitroheno
  • Idonitro
  • Icelandicköfnunarefni
  • Japanese窒素
  • Lojbantrano
  • JavaneseNitrogen
  • Georgianაზოტი
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  • Kannadaಸಾರಜನಕ
  • Korean질소
  • ColognianStickstoff
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  • KomiАзот
  • Latinnitrogenium
  • LuxembourgishStéckstoff
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  • LigurianAsoto
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  • PampangaNitrogen
  • Papiamentonitrógeno
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  • BashkirАзот
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  • Odiaଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ
  • Scotsnitrogen
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  • PiedmonteseAsòt
  • Chinese (China)
  • Cantonese
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  • Newariनाइट्रोजन
  • LombardAzoto
  • Min Nan ChineseChit-sò͘
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  • SomaliNitrojiin
  • Literary Chinese
  • Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)азот
  • SamogitianAzuots
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  • Gan Chinese
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  • English (United Kingdom)nitrogen
  • Sanskritनैट्रोजन्
  • SundaneseNitrogén
  • Burmeseနိုက်ထရိုဂျင်
  • Bhojpuriनाइट्रोजन
  • Tibetanཟེ་རླུང་།
  • English (Canada)nitrogen
  • Jamaican Creole EnglishNaichojen
  • Chinese (Simplified)
  • Chinese (Macao SAR China)
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  • Chinese (Singapore)
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  • Assameseনাইট্ৰ'জেন
  • Lingua Franca Novanitrojen
  • kbpAzɔɔtɩ
  • Khmerអាសូត
  • LezghianАзот
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  • Wu Chinese
  • azbنیتروژن
  • ShonaNitrogen
  • Crimean Tatarazot
  • Crimean Tatar (Latin)Azot
  • German (Switzerland)Stickstoff
  • hywԲորակածին
  • SardinianAzotu
  • gcrAzòt
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  • Skolt Samitypp
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  • FijianNitrogen
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  • InterlingueNitrogen
  • Sindhiنائٽروجن
  • blkနုဲက်ထရိုစဲန်
  • Guaraninitrógeno
  • Lower Sorbiandušyk