Nitrogen (N)
Nitrogen is the 7th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of N and atomic number of 7. It has an atomic weight of 14.007 and a mass number of 14. Nitrogen has seven protons and seven neutrons in its nucleus, and seven electrons in two shells. It is located in group fifteen, period two and block p of the periodic table. Colourless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
| Atomic Number | 7 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 14.007 |
| Mass Number | 14 |
| Group | 15 |
|---|---|
| Period | 2 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 7 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 7 n0 |
| Electrons | 7 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | 65 pm
|
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | 17.3 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 71 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | 146 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 132 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
155 pm
|
| Density | 0.001145 g/cm³
|
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | 342.2 kJ/mol
|
| Electron Affinity | -1.4 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 14.53413 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | |
| Heat of Fusion | |
| Heat of Formation | 472.44 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 5 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 5 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p3ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p3 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| Electronegativity |
3.04
|
| Electrophilicity Index | 1.353269450990578 eV/particle
|
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Gas |
| Gas Phase | Diatomic |
| Boiling Point | 77.355 K
|
| Melting Point | 63.15 K
|
| Critical Pressure | 3.3958 MPa
|
| Critical Temperature | 126.192 K
|
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Nitrogen is a Colorless. N has a CPK of #8f8fff, Jmol of #3050f8, and MOLCAS GV of #3753bb. The Appearance of Element 7 is colorless gas, liquid or solid. The Refractive Index of Nitrogen (N) is 1.000298. | |
| Color | Colorless
|
| Appearance | colorless gas, liquid or solid |
| Refractive Index | 1.000298
|
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.026 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | 29.124 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 1.04 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | 7/5 |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000054 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.00000000015 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000000068
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Nitrogen is HEX. The lattice constant of N is 4.039 Å. The lattice angles of Element 7 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
| Lattice Constant | 4.039 Å
|
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
The Speed of Sound of Nitrogen is 333.6 m/s. | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | 333.6 m/s
|
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Nitrogen is VB. The IUPAC Group of N is VA. The Glawe Number of Element 7 is 88. The Mendeleev Number of Nitrogen (N) is 93. The Pettifor Number of Nitrogen is 100. The Geochemical Class of N is volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 7 is atmophile. | |
| Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
| CAS Group | VB |
| IUPAC Group | VA |
| Glawe Number | 88 |
| Mendeleev Number | 93 |
| Pettifor Number | 100 |
| Geochemical Class | volatile |
| Goldschmidt Class | atmophile |
Other
The Gas Basicity of Nitrogen is 318.7 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of N is 7.4 plus or minus 0.2 a₀. Element 7 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 24.2 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 25.7 a₀. The Allotropes of Nitrogen (N) is Dinitrogen. The Neutron Cross Section of Nitrogen is 1.91. The Neutron Mass Absorption of N is 0.0048. The Quantum Numbers of Element 7 is 4S3/2. The Space Group of Nitrogen (N) is 194 (P63/mmc).
Isotopes of Nitrogen
| Stable Isotopes | 2 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 14 |
| Natural Isotopes | 2 |
10N
| Mass Number | 10 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 3 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 143 ± 36 ys
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2002 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) |
11N
| Mass Number | 11 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 4 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 585 ± 7 ys
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1974 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
12N
| Mass Number | 12 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 5 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.4571 ± 0.0001
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 11 ± 0.016 ms
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.01 ± 0.0009
|
| Discovery Year | 1949 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 1.93% |
13N
| Mass Number | 13 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 6 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.6438 ± 0.0008
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 9.965 ± 0.004 m
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
14N
| Mass Number | 14 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 7 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.403573 ± 0.000002
|
| Abundance | 99.6205 ± 0.0247
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1920 |
| Parity | + |
15N
| Mass Number | 15 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 8 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | -0.5661138 ± 0.0000028
|
| Abundance | 0.3795 ± 0.0247
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1929 |
| Parity | - |
16N
| Mass Number | 16 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 9 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.9928 ± 0.00055
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 7.13 ± 0.02 s
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.018 ± 0.002
|
| Discovery Year | 1933 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 0.00154% |
17N
| Mass Number | 17 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.7104 ± 0.0008
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.173 ± 0.004 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1949 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 95.1% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 0.0025% |
18N
| Mass Number | 18 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.3274 ± 0.0004
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 619.2 ± 1.9 ms
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.0123 ± 0.0012
|
| Discovery Year | 1964 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 12.2% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
19N
| Mass Number | 19 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.61 ± 0.03
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 336 ± 3 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1968 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 41.8% |
20N
| Mass Number | 20 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 13 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 136 ± 3 ms
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1969 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 42.9% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
21N
| Mass Number | 21 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 14 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 85 ± 5 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1970 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 87% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
22N
| Mass Number | 22 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 15 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 23 ± 3 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 34% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 12% |
23N
| Mass Number | 23 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 16 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 13.9 ± 1.4 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1985 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 42% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 8% |
| 3n (3-neutron emission) | 3.4% |
24N
| Mass Number | 24 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 17 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) |
25N
| Mass Number | 25 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 18 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | |
| β− (β− decay) |
History
Nitrogen is considered to have been discovered by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air. It was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish and Joseph Priestley. In 1790 the French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal named the element nitrogen. From the Latin word nitrum, Greek Nitron, native soda; and genes, forming
| Discoverers | Daniel Rutherford |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Scotland |
| Discovery Year | 1772 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: nitron and genes, (soda forming). |
| Pronunciation | NYE-treh-gen (English) |
Rapid release of nitrogen gas into an enclosed space can displace oxygen, and therefore represents an asphyxiation hazard
Nitrogen is present in all living organisms, in proteins, nucleic acids and other molecules
Uses
Nitrogen is used to produce ammonia and fertilizers, vital for current food production methods. Liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant. Nitric acid is used as an oxidizing agent in liquid fueled rockets. Nitrogen is a constituent of molecules in every major drug class in pharmacology and medicine. Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery.
Sources
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.3349 |
| 2 | p | 3.166 |
| 2 | s | 3.1526 |
Also Known As
- N
- element 7
- 7N
Translations
- Frenchazote
- Italianazoto
- Dutchstikstof
- Norwegian Bokmålnitrogen
- GermanStickstoff
- Spanishnitrógeno
- Chinese (Traditional)氮
- Hebrewחנקן
- Afrikaansstikstof
- Amharicናይትሮጅን
- AragoneseNitrochén
- Arabicنيتروجين
- AsturianNitróxenu
- AzerbaijaniAzot
- Belarusianазот
- Bulgarianазот
- Banglaনাইট্রোজেন
- BretonNitrogen
- Bosniandušik
- Catalannitrogen
- CherokeeᎾᎢᏠᏤᏂ
- Central Kurdishنایترۆجین
- CorsicanAzotu
- Czechdusík
- ChuvashАзот
- Welshnitrogen
- Danishkvælstof
- Greekάζωτο
- Esperantonitrogeno
- Estonianlämmastik
- Basquenitrogeno
- Persianنیتروژن
- Finnishtyppi
- Northern FrisianStikstoof
- FriulianAzôt
- Western FrisianStikstof
- Irishnítrigin
- Scottish GaelicNaitridean
- Galiciannitróxeno
- Gujaratiનાઇટ્રોજન
- Manxneetragien
- Hakka ChineseTham
- HawaiianNaikokene
- Hindiनाइट्रोजन
- Fiji HindiNitrogen
- CroatianDušik
- Upper SorbianDusyk
- Haitian CreoleAzòt
- Hungariannitrogén
- Armenianազոտ
- Interlinguanitrogeno
- Indonesiannitrogen
- Ilokonitroheno
- Idonitro
- Icelandicköfnunarefni
- Japanese窒素
- Lojbantrano
- JavaneseNitrogen
- Georgianაზოტი
- KazakhАзот
- Kannadaಸಾರಜನಕ
- Korean질소
- ColognianStickstoff
- KurdishNîtrojen
- KomiАзот
- Latinnitrogenium
- LuxembourgishStéckstoff
- LimburgishStikstof
- LigurianAsoto
- LingalaAzoti
- LithuanianAzotas
- Latvianslāpeklis
- Māorihauota
- Macedonianазот
- Malayalamനൈട്രജൻ
- Mongolianазот
- Marathiनत्रवायू
- Western MariАзот
- Malaynitrogen
- Maltesenitroġenu
- nahEhēcatehuiltic
- Low GermanStickstoff
- Nepaliनाइट्रोजन
- Norwegian Nynorsknitrogen
- Novialnitrogene
- Occitanazòt
- Punjabiਨਾਈਟ੍ਰੋਜਨ
- PampangaNitrogen
- Papiamentonitrógeno
- Polishazot
- Western Panjabiنائیٹروجن
- Portugueseazoto
- QuechuaQullpachaq
- Romanianazot
- Russianазот
- RusynАзот
- Sicilianazzotu
- Serbo-CroatianDušik
- Slovakdusík
- Sloveniandušik
- AlbanianAzoti
- Serbianазот
- Saterland FrisianStikstof
- Swedishkväve
- SwahiliNitrojeni
- Tamilநைதரசன்
- Teluguనత్రజని
- Tajikнитроген
- Thaiไนโตรเจน
- TagalogNitroheno
- Turkishazot
- TatarАзот
- Uyghurئازوت
- Ukrainianазот
- Urduنطرساز
- UzbekAzot
- VenetianAzoto
- VepsAzot
- Vietnamesenitơ
- WarayNitroheno
- KalmykШүтөр
- Yiddishאזאט
- YorubaNítrójínì
- Chinese氮
- BashkirАзот
- CebuanoNitroheno
- Odiaଯବକ୍ଷାରଜାନ
- Scotsnitrogen
- KikuyuNitrogen
- PiedmonteseAsòt
- Chinese (China)氮
- Cantonese氮
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)氮
- Newariनाइट्रोजन
- LombardAzoto
- Min Nan ChineseChit-sò͘
- ErzyaАзот
- SomaliNitrojiin
- Literary Chinese氮
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)азот
- SamogitianAzuots
- AromanianAzotu
- KyrgyzАзот
- cdoDâng
- FaroeseKøvievni
- Swiss GermanStickstoff
- Portuguese (Brazil)nitrogênio
- Sinhalaනයිට්රජන්
- Gan Chinese氮
- Paliनाइट्रोजन
- English (United Kingdom)nitrogen
- Sanskritनैट्रोजन्
- SundaneseNitrogén
- Burmeseနိုက်ထရိုဂျင်
- Bhojpuriनाइट्रोजन
- Tibetanཟེ་རླུང་།
- English (Canada)nitrogen
- Jamaican Creole EnglishNaichojen
- Chinese (Simplified)氮
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)氮
- Chinese (Malaysia)氮
- Chinese (Singapore)氮
- Chinese (Taiwan)氮
- Assameseনাইট্ৰ'জেন
- Lingua Franca Novanitrojen
- kbpAzɔɔtɩ
- Khmerអាសូត
- LezghianАзот
- oloAzot
- OsseticАзот
- Wu Chinese氮
- azbنیتروژن
- ShonaNitrogen
- Crimean Tatarazot
- Crimean Tatar (Latin)Azot
- German (Switzerland)Stickstoff
- hywԲորակածին
- SardinianAzotu
- gcrAzòt
- YakutАзот
- Skolt Samitypp
- Moroccan Arabicآزوط
- Egyptian Arabicنيتروجين
- FijianNitrogen
- Pashtoنايتروجن
- Cornishnitrojen
- lldAzot
- WalloonNitrodjinne
- BikolNitroheno
- Manipuriꯅꯥꯢꯇ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ
- BalineseNitrogén
- MinangkabauNitrogen
- Inari Samityppi
- ZuluI-Nitrogen
- Malay (Arabic)نيتروݢن
- InterlingueNitrogen
- Sindhiنائٽروجن
- blkနုဲက်ထရိုစဲန်
- Guaraninitrógeno
- Lower Sorbiandušyk
