Nickel (Ni)

Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751.

Atomic Number	28
Atomic Weight	58.6934
Mass Number	58

Group	10
Period	4
Block	d

Protons	28 p⁺
Neutrons	30 n⁰
Electrons	28 e^-

Properties

Energy
Atomic Radius	135 pm 229 pm
Molar Volume	6.6 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	110 pm 101 pm 101 pm 135 pm 124 pm
Metallic Radius	115 pm 124 pm
Ionic Radius	55 pm 49 pm 63 pm 69 pm 56 pm 60 pm 48 pm
Crystal Radius	69 pm 63 pm 77 pm 83 pm 70 pm 74 pm 62 pm
Van der Waals Radius	200 pm 197 pm 222 pm 283.4 pm
Density	8.9 g/cm³ 7,810 kg/m³
Proton Affinity	737 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity	1.156 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	7.639877 eV/particle 18.168837 eV/particle 35.19 eV/particle 54.9 eV/particle 76.06 eV/particle 108 eV/particle 132 eV/particle 162 eV/particle 193.2 eV/particle 224.7 eV/particle 319.53 eV/particle 351.63 eV/particle 384.55 eV/particle 429.32 eV/particle 462.8 eV/particle 495.4 eV/particle 571.1 eV/particle 607.02 eV/particle 1,541.05 eV/particle 1,646 eV/particle 1,758 eV/particle 1,880 eV/particle 2,008.1 eV/particle 2,130.46 eV/particle 2,295.6 eV/particle 2,399.259 eV/particle 10,288.8858 eV/particle 10,775.386 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	378.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	17.61 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	430.1 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 16, 2

Valence Electrons	2
Electron Configuration	[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²

Oxidation States	-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegativity	11.13 eV/particle 0.1472068 1.91
Electrophilicity	1.4915353151966217 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	3,186.15 K
Melting Point	1,728.15 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Color	Gray #a52a2a #50d050 #50d050
Appearance	lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	90.9 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000134 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	26.07 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.444 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	14 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000007000000000002 m Ω
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Type	ferromagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point	631 K
Neel Point
Structure
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Lattice Constant	3.52 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Hardness	700 MPa 4 MPa 638 MPa
Bulk Modulus	180 GPa
Shear Modulus	76 GPa
Young Modulus	200 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.31
Speed of Sound	4,970 m/s
Classification
Category	Transition metals, Transition metals
CAS Group	VIIIA
IUPAC Group	VIII
Glawe Number	69
Mendeleev Number	67
Pettifor Number	67
Geochemical Class	first series transition metal
Goldschmidt Class	siderophile
Other
Gas Basicity	714.1 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability	49 ± 3 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	373 a₀ 393 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	4.5
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0026
Quantum Numbers	3F4
Space Group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Nickel

Stable Isotopes	5
Unstable Isotopes	30
Radioactive Isotopes	30

⁴⁸Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	48.019515 ± 0.000455 Da
Mass Number	48
G-Factor	0
Half Life	2.8 ± 0.8 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2000
Parity	+

⁴⁸Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2p (2-proton emission)	70%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	30%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%

⁴⁹Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	49.009157 ± 0.000644 Da
Mass Number	49
G-Factor
Half Life	7.5 ± 1 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1996
Parity	-

⁴⁹Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	83.4%

⁵⁰Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	49.996286 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	50
G-Factor	0
Half Life	18.5 ± 1.2 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

⁵⁰Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	73%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁵¹Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	50.987493 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	51
G-Factor
Half Life	23.8 ± 0.2 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	-

⁵¹Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87.2%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.5%

⁵²Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	51.975781 ± 0.000089 Da
Mass Number	52
G-Factor	0
Half Life	41.8 ± 1 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	+

⁵²Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	31.1%

⁵³Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	52.96819 ± 0.000027 Da
Mass Number	53
G-Factor
Half Life	55.2 ± 0.7 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1976
Parity	-

⁵³Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	22.7%

⁵⁴Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	53.957833 ± 0.000005 Da
Mass Number	54
G-Factor	0
Half Life	114.1 ± 0.3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1977
Parity	+

⁵⁴Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%

⁵⁵Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	54.951329846 ± 0.000000757 Da
Mass Number	55
G-Factor	0.28 ± 0.0085714285714286
Half Life	203.9 ± 1.3 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

⁵⁵Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁵⁶Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	55.942127761 ± 0.000000428 Da
Mass Number	56
G-Factor	0
Half Life	6.075 ± 0.01 d
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1952
Parity	+

⁵⁶Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁵⁷Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	56.939791394 ± 0.000000608 Da
Mass Number	57
G-Factor	-0.53166666666667 ± 0.00093333333333333
Half Life	35.6 ± 0.06 h
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1938
Parity	-

⁵⁷Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁵⁸Ni

Abundance	68.0769 ± 0.019
Relative Atomic Mass	57.93534165 ± 0.000000374 Da
Mass Number	58
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1921
Parity	+

⁵⁸Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)	%

⁵⁹Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	58.934345442 ± 0.000000376 Da
Mass Number	59
G-Factor
Half Life	81 ± 5 ky
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1951
Parity	-

⁵⁹Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁰Ni

Abundance	26.2231 ± 0.015
Relative Atomic Mass	59.930785129 ± 0.000000378 Da
Mass Number	60
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1921
Parity	+

⁶¹Ni

Abundance	1.1399 ± 0.0013
Relative Atomic Mass	60.931054819 ± 0.000000381 Da
Mass Number	61
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.162 ± 0.015
Discovery Year	1934
Parity	-

⁶²Ni

Abundance	3.6345 ± 0.004
Relative Atomic Mass	61.928344753 ± 0.000000455 Da
Mass Number	62
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1934
Parity	+

⁶³Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	62.929669021 ± 0.000000457 Da
Mass Number	63
G-Factor	0.992 ± 0.01
Half Life	101.2 ± 1.5 y
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1951
Parity	-

⁶³Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁶⁴Ni

Abundance	0.9256 ± 0.0019
Relative Atomic Mass	63.927966228 ± 0.000000497 Da
Mass Number	64
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1935
Parity	+

⁶⁵Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	64.930084585 ± 0.000000518 Da
Mass Number	65
G-Factor	0.276 ± 0.024
Half Life	2.5175 ± 0.0005 h
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1946
Parity	-

⁶⁵Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁶⁶Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	65.929139333 ± 0.0000015 Da
Mass Number	66
G-Factor	0
Half Life	54.6 ± 0.3 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

⁶⁶Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁶⁷Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	66.931569413 ± 0.0000031 Da
Mass Number	67
G-Factor	1.202 ± 0.01
Half Life	21 ± 1 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1978
Parity	-

⁶⁷Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁶⁸Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	67.931868787 ± 0.0000032 Da
Mass Number	68
G-Factor	0
Half Life	29 ± 2 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1977
Parity	+

⁶⁸Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁶⁹Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	68.935610267 ± 0.000004 Da
Mass Number	69
G-Factor
Half Life	11.4 ± 0.3 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1984
Parity	+

⁶⁹Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁰Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	69.9364313 ± 0.000002301 Da
Mass Number	70
G-Factor	0
Half Life	6 ± 0.3 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	+

⁷⁰Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷¹Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	70.940518962 ± 0.000002401 Da
Mass Number	71
G-Factor
Half Life	2.56 ± 0.03 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	+

⁷¹Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷²Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	71.941785924 ± 0.000002401 Da
Mass Number	72
G-Factor	0
Half Life	1.57 ± 0.05 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	+

⁷²Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁷³Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	72.946206681 ± 0.000002601 Da
Mass Number	73
G-Factor
Half Life	840 ± 30 ms
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	+

⁷³Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁷⁴Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	73.947718 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	74
G-Factor	0
Half Life	507.7 ± 4.6 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	+

⁷⁴Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁷⁵Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	74.952506 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	75
G-Factor
Half Life	331.6 ± 3.2 ms
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1992
Parity	+

⁷⁵Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10%

⁷⁶Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	75.954707 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	76
G-Factor	0
Half Life	234.6 ± 2.7 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1995
Parity	+

⁷⁶Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	14%

⁷⁷Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	76.959903 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	77
G-Factor
Half Life	158.9 ± 4.2 ms
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1995
Parity	+

⁷⁷Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	26%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁷⁸Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	77.962555 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	78
G-Factor	0
Half Life	122.2 ± 5.1 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1995
Parity	+

⁷⁸Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁷⁹Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	78.969769 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	79
G-Factor
Half Life	44 ± 8 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

⁷⁹Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸⁰Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	79.975051 ± 0.000644 Da
Mass Number	80
G-Factor	0
Half Life	30 ± 22 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2014
Parity	+

⁸⁰Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸¹Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	80.982727 ± 0.000751 Da
Mass Number	81
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2017
Parity	+

⁸¹Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%

⁸²Ni

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	81.988492 ± 0.000859 Da
Mass Number	82
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2017
Parity	+

⁸²Ni Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%

History

Artifacts made from metallic meteorites have been found dating from as early as 5000 BC. In 1751, Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt was trying to extract copper from kupfernickel and instead produced the white metal. In the early twentieth century, Ludwig Mond patented a process using nickel carbonyl to purify nickel. From the German word Nickel (Satan), and from kupfernickel, Old Nick's copper

Discoverers	Axel Cronstedt
Discovery Location	Sweden
Discovery Year	1751
Etymology (Name Origin)	German: kupfernickel (false copper).
Pronunciation	NIK-l (English)

Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic

Nickel is 100 times more concentrated below Earth's crust than in it

Uses

Nickel is used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults. Tubing made of copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. Nickel is also used in batteries, ceramics and magnets. Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries; as a catalyst and for coins.

Sources

Chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	84 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.00056 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body	0.00001 %
Abundance in Meteor	1.3 %
Abundance in Sun	0.008 %
Abundance in Universe	0.006 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.6474
2	p	3.9048
2	s	7.7874
3	d	15.4705
3	p	13.915
3	s	13.039
4	s	22.2892

Nickel on ChemicalAid

AGROVOC ID	c_5172
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300011028
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3548
BNCF Thesaurus ID	20098
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	119445481
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	nickel
CAB ID	224368
CA PROP 65 ID	nickel-and-nickel-compounds
CAS Registry Number	7440-02-0
Canadian Encyclopedia article ID	nickel
ChEBI ID	28112
ChemSpider ID	910
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID80925
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID2020925
Den Store Danske ID	nikkel
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.283
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/nickel-chemical-element
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	nickel
EuroVoc ID	2056
Freebase ID	/m/025s4r7
French Vikidia ID	Nickel
GEMET ID	5589
GND ID	4042133-8
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2268050
HCIS ID	3204
HCIS ID	3214
HSDB ID	1096
ICSC ID	0062
IEDB Epitope ID	113234
InChI	InChI=1S/Ni
InChIKey	PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Nickel
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/tehnologiya_i_promyshlennost/NIKEL.html
LNB ID	000216326
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85091772
MeSH descriptor ID	D009532
NDF-RT ID	N0000022900
NKCR AUT ID	ph123294
National Diet Library ID	00568497
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007531440305171
Nomisma ID	ni
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	2509
OpenAlex ID	C504270822
PACTOLS thesaurus ID	pcrtp5MND6qfnb
PSH ID	5782
PubChem CID	935
Quora topic ID	NI
RxNorm ID	1311629
STW Thesaurus for Economics ID	14305-1
Spanish Cultural Heritage thesauri ID	materias/1000925
Spanish Vikidia ID	Níquel
Store medisinske leksikon ID	nikkel
Store norske leksikon ID	nikkel
Treccani ID	nichel
U.S. National Archives Identifier	10647023
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/19044
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	11940
UMLS CUI	C0028013
UNII	7OV03QG267
UNSPSC Code	11101706
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Mineral", "Nickel"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14670788-n
YSO ID	19926
ZVG number	8230

Nickel (Ni)

Properties

Isotopes of Nickel

48Ni

48Ni Decay Modes

49Ni

49Ni Decay Modes

50Ni

50Ni Decay Modes

51Ni

51Ni Decay Modes

52Ni

52Ni Decay Modes

53Ni

53Ni Decay Modes

54Ni

54Ni Decay Modes

55Ni

55Ni Decay Modes

56Ni

56Ni Decay Modes

57Ni

57Ni Decay Modes

58Ni

58Ni Decay Modes

59Ni

59Ni Decay Modes

60Ni

61Ni

62Ni

63Ni

63Ni Decay Modes

64Ni

65Ni

65Ni Decay Modes

66Ni

66Ni Decay Modes

67Ni

67Ni Decay Modes

68Ni

68Ni Decay Modes

69Ni

69Ni Decay Modes

70Ni

70Ni Decay Modes

71Ni

71Ni Decay Modes

72Ni

72Ni Decay Modes

73Ni

73Ni Decay Modes

74Ni

74Ni Decay Modes

75Ni

75Ni Decay Modes

76Ni

76Ni Decay Modes

77Ni

77Ni Decay Modes

78Ni

78Ni Decay Modes

79Ni

79Ni Decay Modes

80Ni

80Ni Decay Modes

81Ni

81Ni Decay Modes

82Ni

82Ni Decay Modes