Atomic Number | 28 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 58.6934 |
Mass Number | 58 |
Group | 10 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 28 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 30 n0 |
Electrons | 28 e- |
Atomic Radius | 135 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 6.6 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 110 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 115 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 55 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 69 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 197 pm
|
Density | 8.9 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 737 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 1.156 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 7.639877 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 378.6 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 17.61 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 430.1 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 16, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d8 4s2 |
Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 1.91
|
Electrophilicity | 1.4915353151966217 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,186.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,728.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 90.9 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000134 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 26.07 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.444 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 14 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000007000000000002 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | ferromagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | 631 K
|
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
Lattice Constant | 3.52 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 4 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 180 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 76 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 200 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.31
|
Speed of Sound | 4,970 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VIIIA |
IUPAC Group | VIII |
Glawe Number | 69 |
Mendeleev Number | 67 |
Pettifor Number | 67 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | siderophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 714.1 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 373 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 4.5
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0026
|
Quantum Numbers | 3F4 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 5 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 30 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 30 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.8 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2000 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | 70% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 30% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 7.5 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 83.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 18.5 ± 1.2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 73% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 14% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 23.8 ± 0.2 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 87.2% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 0.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 41.8 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 31.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 55.2 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 22.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 114.1 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | 0.28 ± 0.0085714285714286
|
Half Life | 203.9 ± 1.3 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 6.075 ± 0.01 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | -0.53166666666667 ± 0.00093333333333333
|
Half Life | 35.6 ± 0.06 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 68.0769 ± 0.019
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 81 ± 5 ky
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 26.2231 ± 0.015
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 1.1399 ± 0.0013
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.162 ± 0.015
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 3.6345 ± 0.004
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | 0.992 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 101.2 ± 1.5 y
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 0.9256 ± 0.0019
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | 0.276 ± 0.024
|
Half Life | 2.5175 ± 0.0005 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1946 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 54.6 ± 0.3 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | 1.202 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 21 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 29 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.4 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1984 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 6 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.56 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.57 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 840 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 507.7 ± 4.6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 331.6 ± 3.2 ms
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 10% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 234.6 ± 2.7 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 14% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 158.9 ± 4.2 ms
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 26% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 122.2 ± 5.1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 44 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 30 ± 22 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2014 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2017 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Artifacts made from metallic meteorites have been found dating from as early as 5000 BC. In 1751, Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt was trying to extract copper from kupfernickel and instead produced the white metal. In the early twentieth century, Ludwig Mond patented a process using nickel carbonyl to purify nickel. From the German word Nickel (Satan), and from kupfernickel, Old Nick's copper
Discoverers | Axel Cronstedt |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1751 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | German: kupfernickel (false copper). |
Pronunciation | NIK-l (English) |
Chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 84 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00056 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.00001 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 1.3 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.008 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.006 %
|
1 | s | 0.6474 |
2 | p | 3.9048 |
2 | s | 7.7874 |
3 | d | 15.4705 |
3 | p | 13.915 |
3 | s | 13.039 |
4 | s | 22.2892 |