Atomic Number | 37 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 85.4678 |
Mass Number | 85 |
Group | 1 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | s |
Protons | 37 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 48 n0 |
Electrons | 37 e- |
Atomic Radius | 235 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 55.9 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 210 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 216 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 152 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 166 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 303 pm
|
Density | 1.53 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.48592 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 4.177128 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 75.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 2.2 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 80.9 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 1 |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 5s1 |
Oxidation States | -1, 1 |
Electronegativity | 0.82
|
Electrophilicity | 0.7363448717297969 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 961.15 K
|
Melting Point | 312.45 K
|
Critical Pressure | 16 MPa
|
Critical Temperature | 2,093.15 K
|
Triple Point | 312.41 K
|
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | grey white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 58.2 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | 31.06 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.363 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 8.3 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000012 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000026 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000222 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.00000398
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 5.59 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 0.3 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 2.5 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | 2.4 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 1,300 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Alkali metals, Alkali metals |
CAS Group | IA |
IUPAC Group | IA |
Glawe Number | 9 |
Mendeleev Number | 4 |
Pettifor Number | 9 |
Geochemical Class | alkali metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 4,769 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.38
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0003
|
Quantum Numbers | 2S1/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 32 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 32 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 103 ± 22 ns
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2017 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 64.78 ± 0.03 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | 0.386 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
Half Life | 19 ± 1.2 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.81 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | -0.372552 ± 0.000011
|
Half Life | 36.5 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.41 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 3.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | 0.43622666666667 ± 0.000013333333333333
|
Half Life | 3.78 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.84 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 17.66 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | 1.34292 ± 0.00048
|
Half Life | 22.9 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.12 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | -0.0833 ± 0.0007
|
Half Life | 33.4 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.42 ± 0.08
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | 1.3727333333333 ± 0.00093333333333333
|
Half Life | 4.572 ± 0.004 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.48 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | 0.554403 ± 0.000016
|
Half Life | 1.2575 ± 0.0002 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | 0.56984 ± 0.00032
|
Half Life | 86.2 ± 0.1 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.24 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | -0.6625 ± 0.001
|
Half Life | 32.82 ± 0.07 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.02 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 96.1% |
β− (β− decay) | 3.9% |
Abundance | 72.17 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | 0.541224 ± 0.000016
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.276 ± 0.001
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | -0.8487 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | 18.645 ± 0.008 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 0.0052% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 27.83 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | 1.8341933333333 ± 0.000053333333333333
|
Half Life | 49.7 ± 0.3 Gy
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1335 ± 0.0005
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | 0.253755 ± 0.00001
|
Half Life | 17.78 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.01 ± 0.11
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 89 |
G-Factor | 1.5887333333333 ± 0.00046666666666667
|
Half Life | 15.32 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.17 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 90 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 158 ± 5 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 91 |
G-Factor | 1.4540666666667 ± 0.001
|
Half Life | 58.2 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.19 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 92 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.48 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.0107% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 93 |
G-Factor | 0.56368 ± 0.00064
|
Half Life | 5.84 ± 0.02 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.21 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.39% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 94 |
G-Factor | 0.49936666666667 ± 0.0006
|
Half Life | 2.702 ± 0.005 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.2 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 10.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 95 |
G-Factor | 0.5332 ± 0.0012
|
Half Life | 377.7 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.26 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 8.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 96 |
G-Factor | 0.73275 ± 0.00085
|
Half Life | 201.5 ± 0.9 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.3 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 13.7% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 97 |
G-Factor | 1.2266666666667 ± 0.0013333333333333
|
Half Life | 169.1 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.7
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 25.5% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 98 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 115 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 14.3% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 0.054% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 99 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 54 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17.3% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 100 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 51.3 ± 1.6 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 5.6% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 0.15% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 101 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 31.8 ± 3.3 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 28% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 102 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 37 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 65% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 103 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 26 ± 11 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 104 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy. The separation of the metal was tried by Bunsen, but he never got samples with more than 18% of Rubidium. The separation of the metal was only accomplished by George de Hevesy, through the hydrolysis of melted rubidium hydroxide. From the Latin word rubidus, deepest red
Discoverers | R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Germany |
Discovery Year | 1861 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames. |
Pronunciation | roo-BID-i-em (English) |
Occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 90 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.12 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.00046 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.00032 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.000003 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.000001 %
|
1 | s | 0.7922 |
2 | p | 3.9612 |
2 | s | 9.8432 |
3 | d | 15.3208 |
3 | p | 15.6967 |
3 | s | 15.1573 |
4 | p | 26.1192 |
4 | s | 24.612 |
5 | s | 32.0155 |