Rhenium

Rhenium (Re)

Rhenium is the 75th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Re and atomic number of 75. It has an atomic weight of 186.207 and a mass number of 187. Rhenium has seventy-five protons and one hundred twelve neutrons in its nucleus, and seventy-five electrons in six shells. It is located in group seven, period six and block d of the periodic table. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting.
Atomic Number75
Atomic Weight186.207
Mass Number187
Group7
Period6
Blockd
Protons75 p+
Neutrons112 n0
Electrons75 e-
Animated Bohr Model of Re (Rhenium)

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius
Molar Volume
Covalent Radius
Metallic Radius
Ionic Radius
Crystal Radius
Van der Waals Radius
Density
Atomic Radii of the Elements: Rhenium0102030405060708090100110120130140150160170180190200210220pmAtomic RadiusCovalent RadiusMetallic RadiusVan der Waals Radius

Chemical Properties

Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energies of Re (Rhenium)
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Formation
Electrons
Electron Shells2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2
Bohr Model: Re (Rhenium)
Valence Electrons2
Lewis Structure: Re (Rhenium)
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f14 5d5 6s2
Enhanced Bohr Model of Re (Rhenium)
Orbital Diagram of Re (Rhenium)
Oxidation States-3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Electronegativity
1.9
Electrophilicity Index
States of Matter
PhaseSolid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point
Melting Point
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual

Rhenium is a Gray. Re has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #267dab, and MOLCAS GV of #267dab. The Appearance of Element 75 is silvery-grayish.

Color
Gray
Appearancesilvery-grayish
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion
Molar Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
TypeConductor
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Resistivity
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Typeparamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
0.00000000456 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
0.000000000849 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
0.0000959
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure

The Crystal Structure of Rhenium is HEX. The lattice constant of Re is 2.76 Å. The lattice angles of Element 75 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.

Crystal StructureSimple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties

Rhenium has a Brinell of 1320 MPa, Mohs hardness of 7 MPa, and Vickers of 2450 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Re is 370 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 75 is 178 GPa. The Young Modulus of Rhenium (Re) is 463 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Rhenium is 0.3. The Speed of Sound of Re is 4700 m/s.

Hardness
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Young's Modulus
Poisson Ratio
0.3
Speed of Sound
Classification

The CAS Group of Rhenium is VIIA. The IUPAC Group of Re is VIIB. The Glawe Number of Element 75 is 58. The Mendeleev Number of Rhenium (Re) is 57. The Pettifor Number of Rhenium is 59. The Goldschmidt Class of Re is siderophile.

CategoryTransition metals, Transition metals
CAS GroupVIIA
IUPAC GroupVIIB
Glawe Number58
Mendeleev Number57
Pettifor Number59
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt Classsiderophile

Other

The Dipole Polarizability of Rhenium is 62 plus or minus 3 a₀. Re has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 663 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 75 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Rhenium (Re) is 90. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Rhenium is 0.016. The Quantum Numbers of Re is 6S5/2. The Space Group of Element 75 is 194 (P63/mmc).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section
90
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.016
Quantum Numbers6S5/2
Space Group194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Rhenium

Stable Isotopes1
Unstable Isotopes40
Natural Isotopes2
Isotopic Composition18762.60%18762.60%18537.40%18537.40%

159Re

Mass Number159
Neutron Number84
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year2006
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
p (proton emission)
α (α emission)

160Re

Mass Number160
Neutron Number85
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
611 ± 7 us
Spin4
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1992
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
p (proton emission)89%
α (α emission)11%

161Re

Mass Number161
Neutron Number86
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
440 ± 1 us
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1979
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
p (proton emission)100%
α (α emission)

162Re

Mass Number162
Neutron Number87
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
107 ± 13 ms
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1979
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
α (α emission)94%
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)

163Re

Mass Number163
Neutron Number88
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
390 ± 70 ms
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1979
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)
α (α emission)32%

164Re

Mass Number164
Neutron Number89
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
719 ± 89 ms
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1979
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
α (α emission)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)

165Re

Mass Number165
Neutron Number90
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
1.6 ± 0.6 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1981
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)86%
α (α emission)14%

166Re

Mass Number166
Neutron Number91
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.25 ± 0.21 s
Spin7
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1978
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)88%
α (α emission)12%

167Re

Mass Number167
Neutron Number92
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
3.4 ± 0.4 s
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1992
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
α (α emission)100%
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)

168Re

Mass Number168
Neutron Number93
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
4.4 ± 0.1 s
Spin7
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1992
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
α (α emission)0.005%

169Re

Mass Number169
Neutron Number94
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
8.1 ± 0.5 s
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1978
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)
α (α emission)0.005%

170Re

Mass Number170
Neutron Number95
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin8
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1974
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

171Re

Mass Number171
Neutron Number96
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
15.2 ± 0.4 s
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1987
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

172Re

Mass Number172
Neutron Number97
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
55 ± 5 s
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1977
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

173Re

Mass Number173
Neutron Number98
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2 ± 0.3 m
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1986
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

174Re

Mass Number174
Neutron Number99
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.4 ± 0.04 m
Spin3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1972
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

175Re

Mass Number175
Neutron Number100
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
5.89 ± 0.05 m
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1967
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

176Re

Mass Number176
Neutron Number101
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
5.3 ± 0.3 m
Spin3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1967
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

177Re

Mass Number177
Neutron Number102
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
14 ± 1 m
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1957
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

178Re

Mass Number178
Neutron Number103
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
13.2 ± 0.2 m
Spin3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1957
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

179Re

Mass Number179
Neutron Number104
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.12 ± 0.16
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
19.5 ± 0.1 m
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1960
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

180Re

Mass Number180
Neutron Number105
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.6 ± 0.2
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.46 ± 0.03 m
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1955
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

181Re

Mass Number181
Neutron Number106
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.276 ± 0.028
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
19.9 ± 0.7 h
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1957
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

182Re

Mass Number182
Neutron Number107
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0.40571428571429 ± 0.0085714285714286
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
64.2 ± 0.5 h
Spin7
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1950
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

183Re

Mass Number183
Neutron Number108
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.2632 ± 0.006
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
70 ± 1.4 d
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1950
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
ϵ (electron capture)100%

184Re

Mass Number184
Neutron Number109
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0.84333333333333 ± 0.016666666666667
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
35.4 ± 0.7 d
Spin3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1940
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

185Re

Mass Number185
Neutron Number110
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
37.4 ± 0.05
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
2.07 ± 0.05
Discovery Year1931
Parity+

186Re

Mass Number186
Neutron Number111
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.734 ± 0.003
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
3.7185 ± 0.0005 d
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1939
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)92.53%
ϵ (electron capture)7.47%

187Re

Mass Number187
Neutron Number112
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
62.6 ± 0.05
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
41.6 ± 0.02 Gy
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
1.94 ± 0.05
Discovery Year1931
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
α (α emission)0%

188Re

Mass Number188
Neutron Number113
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.783 ± 0.005
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
17.005 ± 0.003 h
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1939
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

189Re

Mass Number189
Neutron Number114
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
24.3 ± 0.4 h
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1963
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

190Re

Mass Number190
Neutron Number115
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
3 ± 0.2 m
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1955
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

191Re

Mass Number191
Neutron Number116
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
9.8 ± 0.5 m
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1963
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

192Re

Mass Number192
Neutron Number117
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
15.4 ± 0.5 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1965
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

193Re

Mass Number193
Neutron Number118
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1999
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)

194Re

Mass Number194
Neutron Number119
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
5 ± 1 s
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1999
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

195Re

Mass Number195
Neutron Number120
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
6 ± 1 s
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2008
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

196Re

Mass Number196
Neutron Number121
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.4 ± 1.5 s
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2008
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)

197Re

Mass Number197
Neutron Number122
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2009
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)

198Re

Mass Number198
Neutron Number123
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2009
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)

199Re

Mass Number199
Neutron Number124
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2012
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)
Rhenium single crystal bar and 1cm3 cube

History

In 1908, Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa announced that he discovered the 43rd element. However, later analysis indicated the presence of rhenium (element 75), not element 43. In 1922, Walter Noddack, Ida Eva Tacke and Otto Berg announced its separation from gadolinite and gave it the present name. From the Latin word Rhenus meaning Rhine

DiscoverersWalter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg
Discovery LocationGermany
Discovery Year1925
Etymology (Name Origin)Latin: Rhenus, the Rhine River.
PronunciationREE-ni-em (English)
Very little is known about the toxicity of rhenium
Chile has the world's largest rhenium reserves

Uses

Rhenium is widely used as filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gauges. It is also used with platinum as catalysts in the production of lead-free, high-octane gasoline. Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces.

Sources

Found in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Has a very high melting point.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
Natural Abundance (Oceans)
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
Natural Abundance (Meteor)
0.0000049 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)
0.00000001 %
Abundance in Universe
0.00000002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s1.4522
2p4.438
2s19.5902
3d13.5453
3p21.5655
3s22.3515
4d36.9456
4f39.0752
4p34.6268
4s33.6436
5d57.617
5p52.856
5s50.643
6s64.884

Also Known As

  • Re
  • element 75
  • 75Re
  • nipponium

Translations

  • Italianrenio
  • Norwegian Bokmålrhenium
  • Frenchrhénium
  • Russianрений
  • Spanishrenio
  • Norwegian Nynorskrhenium
  • Swedishrhenium
  • Hungarianrénium
  • Amharicሬኒየም
  • AragoneseRenio
  • Arabicرينيوم
  • AzerbaijaniRenium
  • Belarusianрэній
  • Bulgarianрений
  • Banglaরিনিয়াম
  • Bosnianrenij
  • Catalanreni
  • CorsicanReniu
  • Czechrhenium
  • Chuvashрени
  • WelshRheniwm
  • Danishrhenium
  • GermanRhenium
  • Greekρήνιο
  • Esperantorenio
  • Estonianreenium
  • Basquerenio
  • Persianرنیوم
  • Finnishrenium
  • FriulianReni
  • Irishréiniam
  • GalicianRenio
  • ManxRainium
  • Hakka Chineserhenium
  • Hebrewרניום
  • Fiji HindiRhenium
  • Croatianrenij
  • Armenianռենիում
  • Interlinguarhenium
  • Indonesianrenium
  • Idorenio
  • Icelandicrenín
  • Japaneseレニウム
  • Lojbanjinmlreni
  • JavaneseRhenium
  • Georgianრენიუმი
  • Kannadaರೀನಿಯಮ್
  • Korean레늄
  • KurdishRenyûm
  • Komiрений
  • Latinrhenium
  • LuxembourgishRhenium
  • LigurianRenio
  • Lithuanianrenis
  • Latvianrēnijs
  • Malayalamറീനിയം
  • Mongolianрени
  • Marathiर्‍हेनियम
  • Western Mariрений
  • MalayRenium
  • Dutchrenium
  • OccitanRèni
  • Polishren
  • Western Panjabiرہینیم
  • Portugueserénio
  • QuechuaRenyu
  • Romanianreniu
  • Sicilianreniu
  • Serbo-CroatianRenijum
  • Slovakrénium
  • Slovenianrenij
  • Serbianренијум
  • Saterland FrisianRenium
  • SwahiliReni
  • Thaiรีเนียม
  • Turkishrenyum
  • Uyghurرېنىي
  • Ukrainianреній
  • Urduرہینیئم
  • VepsRenii
  • Vietnameserheni
  • WarayRenyo
  • Kalmykрениум
  • Yiddishרעניום
  • YorubaRhenium
  • Chinese
  • BretonReniom
  • CebuanoRenyo
  • Macedonianрениум
  • Central Kurdishڕینیۆم
  • Kazakhрений
  • Tamilரெனியம்
  • Odiaରେନିଅମ
  • Gujaratiરિનીયમ
  • Punjabiਰੀਨੀਅਮ
  • Tatarрений
  • PiedmonteseRenio
  • ScotsRhenium
  • SomaliReheniyaam
  • Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)Рэн
  • Cantonese
  • AlbanianRheniumi
  • AromanianReniu
  • UzbekReniy
  • Kyrgyzрений
  • Malteserenju
  • Nepaliर्‌हेनियम
  • Hindiरीनियम
  • LombardRenio
  • Bhojpuriरेनियम
  • Sanskritरेनियम
  • Paliरेनियम
  • Newariरेनियम
  • Scottish GaelicRenium
  • Tajikрений
  • Portuguese (Brazil)rênio
  • Teluguరీనియం
  • cdoRhenium
  • Min Nan ChineseRhenium
  • LimburgishRenium
  • AfrikaansRenium
  • Tibetanརེ་ནིམ།
  • AsturianReniu
  • Lingua Franca Novarenio
  • TagalogRenyo
  • kbpRɛnɩyɔm
  • Literary Chinese
  • oloRenii
  • Northern FrisianReenium
  • Volapükrenin
  • Chinese (Traditional)
  • Chinese (Taiwan)
  • Wu Chinese
  • Burmeseရီနီယမ်
  • SardinianRèniu
  • KotavaRenel
  • Moroccan Arabicغينيوم
  • BashkirРений
  • Egyptian Arabicرينيوم
  • Pashtoرېنيوم
  • CornishReniom
  • BalineseRhénium
  • BikolRenyo