Ruthenium (Ru)

Ruthenium is the 44th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Ru and atomic number of 44. It has an atomic weight of 101.07 and a mass number of 102. Ruthenium has forty-four protons and fifty-eight neutrons in its nucleus, and forty-four electrons in five shells. It is located in group eight, period five and block d of the periodic table. Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.

Atomic Number	44
Atomic Weight	101.07
Mass Number	102

Group	8
Period	5
Block	d

Protons	44 p⁺
Neutrons	58 n⁰
Electrons	44 e^-

Properties

Physical Properties
Atomic Radius	130 pm 237 pm
Molar Volume	8.3 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	125 pm 114 pm 103 pm 146 pm
Metallic Radius	125 pm 134 pm
Ionic Radius	68 pm 62 pm 56.5 pm 38 pm 36 pm
Crystal Radius	82 pm 76 pm 70.5 pm 52 pm 50 pm
Van der Waals Radius	205 pm 213 pm 234 pm 296.3 pm
Density	12.1 g/cm³ 10,650 kg/m³
Energy
Proton Affinity	774 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity	1.05 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	7.3605 eV/particle 16.76 eV/particle 28.47 eV/particle 45 eV/particle 59 eV/particle 76 eV/particle 93 eV/particle 110 eV/particle 178.4 eV/particle 198 eV/particle 219.9 eV/particle 245 eV/particle 271 eV/particle 295.9 eV/particle 348 eV/particle 376.25 eV/particle 670 eV/particle 723 eV/particle 784 eV/particle 845 eV/particle 905 eV/particle 981 eV/particle 1,048 eV/particle 1,115 eV/particle 1,187 eV/particle 1,253 eV/particle 1,447 eV/particle 1,506.7 eV/particle 1,577 eV/particle 1,659 eV/particle 1,743 eV/particle 1,794 eV/particle 1,949 eV/particle 2,013.037 eV/particle 4,758 eV/particle 4,939 eV/particle 5,136 eV/particle 5,330 eV/particle 5,647 eV/particle 5,862 eV/particle 6,137 eV/particle 6,311.72 eV/particle 26,229.894 eV/particle 27,033.5 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion	25.5 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	650.6 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 15, 1

Valence Electrons	1
Electron Configuration	[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹

Oxidation States	-4, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Electronegativity	9.1 eV/particle 0.1376494 2.2
Electrophilicity	1.4011669093178039 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	4,420.15 K
Melting Point	2,606.15 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Ruthenium is a Silver. Ru has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #248f8f, and MOLCAS GV of #248f8f. The Appearance of Element 44 is silvery white metallic.
Color	Silver #ff1493 #248f8f #248f8f
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	117 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000064 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	24.06 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.238 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	14 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000007000000000002 m Ω
Superconducting Point	0.49 K
Magnetism
Type	paramagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	0.00000000542 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	0.000000000548 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	0.000067
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Ruthenium is HEX. The lattice constant of Ru is 2.7 Å. The lattice angles of Element 44 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant	2.7 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties
Ruthenium has a Brinell of 2160 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 6.5 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Ru is 220 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 44 is 173 GPa. The Young Modulus of Ruthenium (Ru) is 447 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Ruthenium is 0.3. The Speed of Sound of Ru is 5970 m/s.
Hardness	2,160 MPa 6.5 MPa
Bulk Modulus	220 GPa
Shear Modulus	173 GPa
Young Modulus	447 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.3
Speed of Sound	5,970 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Ruthenium is VIIIA. The IUPAC Group of Ru is VIII. The Glawe Number of Element 44 is 61. The Mendeleev Number of Ruthenium (Ru) is 60. The Pettifor Number of Ruthenium is 63. The Geochemical Class of Ru is noble metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 44 is siderophile.
Category	Transition metals, Transition metals
CAS Group	VIIIA
IUPAC Group	VIII
Glawe Number	61
Mendeleev Number	60
Pettifor Number	63
Geochemical Class	noble metal
Goldschmidt Class	siderophile
Other
The Gas Basicity of Ruthenium is 751.4 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Ru is 72 plus or minus 10 a₀. Element 44 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 809 a₀. The Allotropes of Ruthenium (Ru) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Ruthenium is 2.6. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Ru is 0.0009. The Quantum Numbers of Element 44 is 5F5. The Space Group of Ruthenium (Ru) is 194 (P63/mmc).
Gas Basicity	751.4 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability	72 ± 10 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	809 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	2.6
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0009
Quantum Numbers	5F5
Space Group	194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Ruthenium

Stable Isotopes	7
Unstable Isotopes	34
Radioactive Isotopes	34

⁸⁵Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	84.967117 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	85
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2013
Parity	-

⁸⁵Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%
p (proton emission)	%

⁸⁶Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	85.957305 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	86
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2013
Parity	+

⁸⁶Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%

⁸⁷Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	86.950907 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	87
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1995
Parity	-

⁸⁷Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%

⁸⁸Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	87.941664 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	88
G-Factor	0
Half Life	1.5 ± 0.3 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

⁸⁸Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	3.6%

⁸⁹Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	88.937337849 ± 0.000026 Da
Mass Number	89
G-Factor
Half Life	1.32 ± 0.03 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1992
Parity	+

⁸⁹Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	3.1%

⁹⁰Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	89.930344378 ± 0.000004004 Da
Mass Number	90
G-Factor	0
Half Life	11.7 ± 0.9 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	+

⁹⁰Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹¹Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	90.92674153 ± 0.000002384 Da
Mass Number	91
G-Factor
Half Life	8 ± 0.4 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1983
Parity	+

⁹¹Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%

⁹²Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	91.920234373 ± 0.000002917 Da
Mass Number	92
G-Factor	0
Half Life	3.65 ± 0.05 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1971
Parity	+

⁹²Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹³Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	92.917104442 ± 0.000002216 Da
Mass Number	93
G-Factor
Half Life	59.7 ± 0.6 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity

⁹³Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹⁴Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	93.91134286 ± 0.000003374 Da
Mass Number	94
G-Factor	0
Half Life	51.8 ± 0.6 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1952
Parity	+

⁹⁴Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹⁵Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	94.910404415 ± 0.0000102 Da
Mass Number	95
G-Factor	0.3444 ± 0.0028
Half Life	1.607 ± 0.004 h
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

⁹⁵Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹⁶Ru

Abundance	5.54 ± 0.14
Relative Atomic Mass	95.90758891 ± 0.000000182 Da
Mass Number	96
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

⁹⁶Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)	%

⁹⁷Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	96.907545776 ± 0.000002965 Da
Mass Number	97
G-Factor	0.3148 ± 0.0032
Half Life	2.837 ± 0.0014 d
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1946
Parity	+

⁹⁷Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹⁸Ru

Abundance	1.87 ± 0.03
Relative Atomic Mass	97.905286709 ± 0.000006937 Da
Mass Number	98
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1944
Parity	+

⁹⁹Ru

Abundance	12.76 ± 0.14
Relative Atomic Mass	98.905930284 ± 0.000000368 Da
Mass Number	99
G-Factor	-0.2564 ± 0.002
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.079 ± 0.004
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰⁰Ru

Abundance	12.6 ± 0.07
Relative Atomic Mass	99.90421046 ± 0.000000367 Da
Mass Number	100
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰¹Ru

Abundance	17.06 ± 0.02
Relative Atomic Mass	100.905573086 ± 0.000000443 Da
Mass Number	101
G-Factor	-0.2872 ± 0.0024
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.46 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰²Ru

Abundance	31.55 ± 0.14
Relative Atomic Mass	101.904340312 ± 0.000000446 Da
Mass Number	102
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰³Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	102.906314846 ± 0.000000473 Da
Mass Number	103
G-Factor	0.13733333333333 ± 0.002
Half Life	39.245 ± 0.008 d
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.62 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1945
Parity	+

¹⁰³Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁴Ru

Abundance	18.62 ± 0.27
Relative Atomic Mass	103.905425312 ± 0.000002682 Da
Mass Number	104
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰⁴Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	%

¹⁰⁵Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	104.907745478 ± 0.000002683 Da
Mass Number	105
G-Factor	0.2 ± 0.13333333333333
Half Life	4.439 ± 0.011 h
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1945
Parity	+

¹⁰⁵Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁶Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	105.907328181 ± 0.000005787 Da
Mass Number	106
G-Factor	0
Half Life	371.8 ± 1.8 d
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

¹⁰⁶Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁷Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	106.909969837 ± 0.00000931 Da
Mass Number	107
G-Factor
Half Life	3.75 ± 0.05 m
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1951
Parity

¹⁰⁷Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁸Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	107.910185793 ± 0.000009318 Da
Mass Number	108
G-Factor	0
Half Life	4.55 ± 0.05 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	+

¹⁰⁸Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁹Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	108.913323707 ± 0.000009612 Da
Mass Number	109
G-Factor
Half Life	34.4 ± 0.2 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1967
Parity	+

¹⁰⁹Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹⁰Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	109.914038501 ± 0.00000958 Da
Mass Number	110
G-Factor	0
Half Life	12.04 ± 0.17 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1970
Parity	+

¹¹⁰Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹¹Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	110.917567566 ± 0.000010394 Da
Mass Number	111
G-Factor
Half Life	2.12 ± 0.07 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1971
Parity	+

¹¹¹Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹²Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	111.918806922 ± 0.000010305 Da
Mass Number	112
G-Factor	0
Half Life	1.75 ± 0.07 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1970
Parity	+

¹¹²Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹³Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	112.922846729 ± 0.000041097 Da
Mass Number	113
G-Factor
Half Life	800 ± 50 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1988
Parity	+

¹¹³Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹⁴Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	113.92461443 ± 0.000003817 Da
Mass Number	114
G-Factor	0
Half Life	540 ± 30 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	+

¹¹⁴Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

¹¹⁵Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	114.929033049 ± 0.000027016 Da
Mass Number	115
G-Factor
Half Life	318 ± 19 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1992
Parity	+

¹¹⁵Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

¹¹⁶Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	115.931219191 ± 0.000004 Da
Mass Number	116
G-Factor	0
Half Life	204 ± 6 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

¹¹⁶Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

¹¹⁷Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	116.936135 ± 0.000465 Da
Mass Number	117
G-Factor
Half Life	151 ± 3 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

¹¹⁷Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

¹¹⁸Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	117.938808 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	118
G-Factor	0
Half Life	99 ± 3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

¹¹⁸Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

¹¹⁹Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	118.94409 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	119
G-Factor
Half Life	69.5 ± 2 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

¹¹⁹Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

¹²⁰Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	119.946623 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	120
G-Factor	0
Half Life	45 ± 2 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

¹²⁰Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

¹²¹Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	120.952098 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	121
G-Factor
Half Life	29 ± 2 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

¹²¹Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

¹²²Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	121.955147 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	122
G-Factor	0
Half Life	25 ± 1 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

¹²²Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

¹²³Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	122.960762 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	123
G-Factor
Half Life	19 ± 2 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

¹²³Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

¹²⁴Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	123.96394 ± 0.000644 Da
Mass Number	124
G-Factor	0
Half Life	15 ± 3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

¹²⁴Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

¹²⁵Ru

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	124.969544 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	125
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2018
Parity	+

¹²⁵Ru Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

History

Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated the element in 1807, but his work was not ratified. Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. In 1844, Karl Ernst Claus confirmed that there was a new element and isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of the rouble production while he was working in Kazan University, Kazan. From the Latin word Ruthenia, Russia

Discoverers	Karl Klaus
Discovery Location	Russia
Discovery Year	1844
Etymology (Name Origin)	Latin: Ruthenia (Russia).
Pronunciation	roo-THE-ni-em (English)

Ruthenium is a suspected carcinogen and its compounds strongly stain the skin

Ruthenium is unaffected by air, water and acids

Uses

Ruthenium is used in platinum and palladium alloys to make wear-resistant electrical contacts. Ruthenium dioxide and lead and bismuth ruthenates are used in thick-film chip resistors. Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with alloys containing ruthenium. Ruthenium is a versatile catalyst. Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.

Sources

Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	0.001 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.0000007 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body
Abundance in Meteor	0.000081 %
Abundance in Sun	0.0000005 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0000004 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.9077
2	p	4.0492
2	s	11.6202
3	d	14.6411
3	p	16.7789
3	s	16.3988
4	d	31.1872
4	p	27.5652
4	s	26.344
5	s	37.5155

Ruthenium on ChemicalAid

Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3569
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	12226709p
CAB ID	262924
CAS Registry Number	7440-18-8
CPV Supplementary	AA21
ChEBI ID	30682
ChemSpider ID	22390
Common Procurement Vocabulary	14743000
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID1047651
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID9064687
Den Store Danske ID	ruthenium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.297
Elhuyar ZTH ID	030351
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/ruthenium
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	ruthenium
Freebase ID	/m/025scl1
GND ID	4178766-3
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0057187
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	3522864
InChI	InChI=1S/Ru
InChIKey	KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Ruthenium
Latvian National Encyclopedia Online ID	97115
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85116086
MeSH descriptor ID	D012428
Mindat mineral ID	3483
NALT ID	61856
NDL Authority ID	00569816
NKCR AUT ID	ph202575
Namuwiki ID	루테늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007548526805171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	351999
OpenAlex ID	C555196967
PSH ID	5776
Probes And Drugs ID	PD099452
PubChem CID	23950
Quora topic ID	Ruthenium-1
RxNorm ID	1534768
Römpp online ID	RD-18-02130
Store norske leksikon ID	ruthenium
Treccani ID	rutenio
UNII	7UI0TKC3U5
USGS Thesaurus ID	1563
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Mineral", "Ruthenium"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14677421-n
ZVG number	7440

Ruthenium (Ru)

Properties

Isotopes of Ruthenium

85Ru

85Ru Decay Modes

86Ru

86Ru Decay Modes

87Ru

87Ru Decay Modes

88Ru

88Ru Decay Modes

89Ru

89Ru Decay Modes

90Ru

90Ru Decay Modes

91Ru

91Ru Decay Modes

92Ru

92Ru Decay Modes

93Ru

93Ru Decay Modes

94Ru

94Ru Decay Modes

95Ru

95Ru Decay Modes

96Ru

96Ru Decay Modes

97Ru

97Ru Decay Modes

98Ru

99Ru

100Ru

101Ru

102Ru

103Ru

103Ru Decay Modes

104Ru

104Ru Decay Modes

105Ru

105Ru Decay Modes

106Ru

106Ru Decay Modes

107Ru

107Ru Decay Modes

108Ru

108Ru Decay Modes

109Ru

109Ru Decay Modes

110Ru

110Ru Decay Modes

111Ru

111Ru Decay Modes

112Ru

112Ru Decay Modes

113Ru

113Ru Decay Modes

114Ru

114Ru Decay Modes

115Ru

115Ru Decay Modes

116Ru

116Ru Decay Modes

117Ru

117Ru Decay Modes

118Ru

118Ru Decay Modes

119Ru

119Ru Decay Modes

120Ru

120Ru Decay Modes

121Ru

121Ru Decay Modes

122Ru

122Ru Decay Modes

123Ru

123Ru Decay Modes

124Ru

124Ru Decay Modes

125Ru

125Ru Decay Modes