Atomic Number | 44 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 101.07 |
Mass Number | 102 |
Group | 8 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | d |
Protons | 44 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 58 n0 |
Electrons | 44 e- |
Atomic Radius | 130 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 8.3 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 125 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 125 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 68 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 82 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 213 pm
|
Density | 12.1 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 774 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 1.05 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 7.3605 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | 25.5 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 650.6 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 6 |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
Oxidation States | -4, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 |
Electronegativity | 2.2
|
Electrophilicity | 1.4011669093178039 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 4,420.15 K
|
Melting Point | 2,606.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white metallic |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 117 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000064 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 24.06 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.238 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 14 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000007000000000002 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 0.49 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.00000000542 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000548 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.000067
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 2.7 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 6.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 220 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 173 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 447 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.3
|
Speed of Sound | 5,970 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VIIIA |
IUPAC Group | VIII |
Glawe Number | 61 |
Mendeleev Number | 60 |
Pettifor Number | 63 |
Geochemical Class | noble metal |
Goldschmidt Class | siderophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 751.4 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 2.6
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0009
|
Quantum Numbers | 5F5 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 7 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 34 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 34 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2013 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2013 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.5 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 3.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 89 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.32 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 3.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 90 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 11.7 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 91 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 92 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.65 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 93 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 59.7 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 94 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 51.8 ± 0.6 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 95 |
G-Factor | 0.3444 ± 0.0028
|
Half Life | 1.607 ± 0.004 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 5.54 ± 0.14
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 96 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1931 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 97 |
G-Factor | 0.3148 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 2.837 ± 0.0014 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1946 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 1.87 ± 0.03
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 98 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1944 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 12.76 ± 0.14
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 99 |
G-Factor | -0.2564 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.079 ± 0.004
|
Discovery Year | 1931 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 12.6 ± 0.07
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 100 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1931 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 17.06 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 101 |
G-Factor | -0.2872 ± 0.0024
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.46 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1931 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 31.55 ± 0.14
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 102 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1931 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 103 |
G-Factor | 0.13733333333333 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 39.245 ± 0.008 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.62 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1945 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 18.62 ± 0.27
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 104 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1931 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 105 |
G-Factor | 0.2 ± 0.13333333333333
|
Half Life | 4.439 ± 0.011 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1945 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 106 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 371.8 ± 1.8 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 107 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.75 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 108 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.55 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 109 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 34.4 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 110 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 12.04 ± 0.17 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 111 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.12 ± 0.07 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 112 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.75 ± 0.07 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 113 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 800 ± 50 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 114 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 540 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 115 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 318 ± 19 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 116 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 204 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 117 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 151 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 118 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 99 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 119 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 69.5 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 120 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 45 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 121 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 29 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 122 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 25 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 123 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 19 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 124 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 15 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 125 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated the element in 1807, but his work was not ratified. Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. In 1844, Karl Ernst Claus confirmed that there was a new element and isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of the rouble production while he was working in Kazan University, Kazan. From the Latin word Ruthenia, Russia
Discoverers | Karl Klaus |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Russia |
Discovery Year | 1844 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: Ruthenia (Russia). |
Pronunciation | roo-THE-ni-em (English) |
1 | s | 0.9077 |
2 | p | 4.0492 |
2 | s | 11.6202 |
3 | d | 14.6411 |
3 | p | 16.7789 |
3 | s | 16.3988 |
4 | d | 31.1872 |
4 | p | 27.5652 |
4 | s | 26.344 |
5 | s | 37.5155 |