Ruthenium (Ru)

Ruthenium is the 44th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Ru and atomic number of 44. It has an atomic weight of 101.07 and a mass number of 102. Ruthenium has forty-four protons and fifty-eight neutrons in its nucleus, and forty-four electrons in five shells. It is located in group eight, period five and block d of the periodic table. Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.

Atomic Number	44
Atomic Weight	101.07
Mass Number	102

Group	8
Period	5
Block	d

Protons	44 p⁺
Neutrons	58 n⁰
Electrons	44 e^-

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius	130 pm 237 pm
Molar Volume	8.3 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	125 pm 114 pm 103 pm 146 pm
Metallic Radius	125 pm 134 pm
Ionic Radius	68 pm 62 pm 56.5 pm 38 pm 36 pm
Crystal Radius	82 pm 76 pm 70.5 pm 52 pm 50 pm
Van der Waals Radius	205 pm 213 pm 234 pm 296.3 pm
Density	12.1 g/cm³ 10,650 kg/m³

Chemical Properties

Energy

Proton Affinity	774 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity	1.05 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	7.3605 eV/particle 16.76 eV/particle 28.47 eV/particle 45 eV/particle 59 eV/particle 76 eV/particle 93 eV/particle 110 eV/particle 178.4 eV/particle 198 eV/particle 219.9 eV/particle 245 eV/particle 271 eV/particle 295.9 eV/particle 348 eV/particle 376.25 eV/particle 670 eV/particle 723 eV/particle 784 eV/particle 845 eV/particle 905 eV/particle 981 eV/particle 1,048 eV/particle 1,115 eV/particle 1,187 eV/particle 1,253 eV/particle 1,447 eV/particle 1,506.7 eV/particle 1,577 eV/particle 1,659 eV/particle 1,743 eV/particle 1,794 eV/particle 1,949 eV/particle 2,013.037 eV/particle 4,758 eV/particle 4,939 eV/particle 5,136 eV/particle 5,330 eV/particle 5,647 eV/particle 5,862 eV/particle 6,137 eV/particle 6,311.72 eV/particle 26,229.894 eV/particle 27,033.5 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion	25.5 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	650.6 kJ/mol
Electrons

Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 15, 1

Valence Electrons	1 ⓘ

Electron Configuration	[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 4d⁷ 5s¹

Oxidation States	-4, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Electronegativity	9.1 eV/particle 0.1376494 2.2
Electrophilicity Index	1.4011669093178039 eV/particle
States of Matter

Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	4,420.15 K
Melting Point	2,606.15 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Ruthenium is a Silver. Ru has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #248f8f, and MOLCAS GV of #248f8f. The Appearance of Element 44 is silvery white metallic.
Color	Silver #ff1493 #248f8f #248f8f
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	117 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000064 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	24.06 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.238 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	14 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000007000000000002 Ω*m
Superconducting Point	0.49 K
Magnetism
Type	paramagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	0.00000000542 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	0.000000000548 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	0.000067
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Ruthenium is HEX. The lattice constant of Ru is 2.7 Å. The lattice angles of Element 44 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant	2.7 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties
Ruthenium has a Brinell of 2160 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 6.5 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Ru is 220 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 44 is 173 GPa. The Young Modulus of Ruthenium (Ru) is 447 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Ruthenium is 0.3. The Speed of Sound of Ru is 5970 m/s.
Hardness	2,160 MPa 6.5 MPa
Bulk Modulus	220 GPa
Shear Modulus	173 GPa
Young's Modulus	447 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.3
Speed of Sound	5,970 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Ruthenium is VIIIA. The IUPAC Group of Ru is VIII. The Glawe Number of Element 44 is 61. The Mendeleev Number of Ruthenium (Ru) is 60. The Pettifor Number of Ruthenium is 63. The Geochemical Class of Ru is noble metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 44 is siderophile.
Category	Transition metals, Transition metals
CAS Group	VIIIA
IUPAC Group	VIII
Glawe Number	61
Mendeleev Number	60
Pettifor Number	63
Geochemical Class	noble metal
Goldschmidt Class	siderophile

Other

The Gas Basicity of Ruthenium is 751.4 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Ru is 72 plus or minus 10 a₀. Element 44 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 809 a₀. The Allotropes of Ruthenium (Ru) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Ruthenium is 2.6. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Ru is 0.0009. The Quantum Numbers of Element 44 is 5F5. The Space Group of Ruthenium (Ru) is 194 (P63/mmc).

Gas Basicity	751.4 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability	72 ± 10 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	809 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	2.6
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0009
Quantum Numbers	5F5
Space Group	194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Ruthenium

Stable Isotopes	5
Unstable Isotopes	36
Natural Isotopes	7

⁸⁵Ru

Mass Number	85
Neutron Number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	84.967117 ± 0.000537 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2013
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)
p (proton emission)

⁸⁶Ru

Mass Number	86
Neutron Number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	85.957305 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2013
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁸⁷Ru

Mass Number	87
Neutron Number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	86.950907 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1995
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁸⁸Ru

Mass Number	88
Neutron Number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	87.941664 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.5 ± 0.3 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	3.6%

⁸⁹Ru

Mass Number	89
Neutron Number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	88.937337849 ± 0.000026 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.32 ± 0.03 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1992
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	3.1%

⁹⁰Ru

Mass Number	90
Neutron Number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	89.930344378 ± 0.000004004 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	11.7 ± 0.9 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹¹Ru

Mass Number	91
Neutron Number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	90.92674153 ± 0.000002384 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	8 ± 0.4 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1983
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁹²Ru

Mass Number	92
Neutron Number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	91.920234373 ± 0.000002917 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	3.65 ± 0.05 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1971
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹³Ru

Mass Number	93
Neutron Number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	92.917104442 ± 0.000002216 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	59.7 ± 0.6 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹⁴Ru

Mass Number	94
Neutron Number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	93.91134286 ± 0.000003374 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	51.8 ± 0.6 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1952
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹⁵Ru

Mass Number	95
Neutron Number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	94.910404415 ± 0.0000102 Da
G-Factor	0.3444 ± 0.0028
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.607 ± 0.004 h
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹⁶Ru

Mass Number	96
Neutron Number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	95.90758891 ± 0.000000182 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	5.54 ± 0.14
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

⁹⁷Ru

Mass Number	97
Neutron Number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	96.907545776 ± 0.000002965 Da
G-Factor	0.3148 ± 0.0032
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	2.837 ± 0.0014 d
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1946
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁹⁸Ru

Mass Number	98
Neutron Number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	97.905286709 ± 0.000006937 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	1.87 ± 0.03
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1944
Parity	+

⁹⁹Ru

Mass Number	99
Neutron Number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	98.905930284 ± 0.000000368 Da
G-Factor	-0.2564 ± 0.002
Abundance	12.76 ± 0.14
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.079 ± 0.004
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰⁰Ru

Mass Number	100
Neutron Number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	99.90421046 ± 0.000000367 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	12.6 ± 0.07
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰¹Ru

Mass Number	101
Neutron Number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	100.905573086 ± 0.000000443 Da
G-Factor	-0.2872 ± 0.0024
Abundance	17.06 ± 0.02
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.46 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰²Ru

Mass Number	102
Neutron Number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	101.904340312 ± 0.000000446 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	31.55 ± 0.14
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

¹⁰³Ru

Mass Number	103
Neutron Number	59
Relative Atomic Mass	102.906314846 ± 0.000000473 Da
G-Factor	0.13733333333333 ± 0.002
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	39.245 ± 0.008 d
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.62 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1945
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁴Ru

Mass Number	104
Neutron Number	60
Relative Atomic Mass	103.905425312 ± 0.000002682 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	18.62 ± 0.27
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1931
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)

¹⁰⁵Ru

Mass Number	105
Neutron Number	61
Relative Atomic Mass	104.907745478 ± 0.000002683 Da
G-Factor	0.2 ± 0.13333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	4.439 ± 0.011 h
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1945
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁶Ru

Mass Number	106
Neutron Number	62
Relative Atomic Mass	105.907328181 ± 0.000005787 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	371.8 ± 1.8 d
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁷Ru

Mass Number	107
Neutron Number	63
Relative Atomic Mass	106.909969837 ± 0.00000931 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	3.75 ± 0.05 m
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1951
Parity

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁸Ru

Mass Number	108
Neutron Number	64
Relative Atomic Mass	107.910185793 ± 0.000009318 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	4.55 ± 0.05 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁰⁹Ru

Mass Number	109
Neutron Number	65
Relative Atomic Mass	108.913323707 ± 0.000009612 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	34.4 ± 0.2 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1967
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹⁰Ru

Mass Number	110
Neutron Number	66
Relative Atomic Mass	109.914038501 ± 0.00000958 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	12.04 ± 0.17 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1970
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹¹Ru

Mass Number	111
Neutron Number	67
Relative Atomic Mass	110.917567566 ± 0.000010394 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	2.12 ± 0.07 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1971
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹²Ru

Mass Number	112
Neutron Number	68
Relative Atomic Mass	111.918806922 ± 0.000010305 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.75 ± 0.07 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1970
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹³Ru

Mass Number	113
Neutron Number	69
Relative Atomic Mass	112.922846729 ± 0.000041097 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	800 ± 50 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1988
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹⁴Ru

Mass Number	114
Neutron Number	70
Relative Atomic Mass	113.92461443 ± 0.000003817 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	540 ± 30 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

¹¹⁵Ru

Mass Number	115
Neutron Number	71
Relative Atomic Mass	114.929033049 ± 0.000027016 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	318 ± 19 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1992
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹¹⁶Ru

Mass Number	116
Neutron Number	72
Relative Atomic Mass	115.931219191 ± 0.000004 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	204 ± 6 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹¹⁷Ru

Mass Number	117
Neutron Number	73
Relative Atomic Mass	116.936135 ± 0.000465 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	151 ± 3 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹¹⁸Ru

Mass Number	118
Neutron Number	74
Relative Atomic Mass	117.938808 ± 0.000215 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	99 ± 3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹¹⁹Ru

Mass Number	119
Neutron Number	75
Relative Atomic Mass	118.94409 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	69.5 ± 2 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

¹²⁰Ru

Mass Number	120
Neutron Number	76
Relative Atomic Mass	119.946623 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	45 ± 2 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹²¹Ru

Mass Number	121
Neutron Number	77
Relative Atomic Mass	120.952098 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	29 ± 2 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

¹²²Ru

Mass Number	122
Neutron Number	78
Relative Atomic Mass	121.955147 ± 0.000537 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	25 ± 1 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

¹²³Ru

Mass Number	123
Neutron Number	79
Relative Atomic Mass	122.960762 ± 0.000537 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	19 ± 2 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

¹²⁴Ru

Mass Number	124
Neutron Number	80
Relative Atomic Mass	123.96394 ± 0.000644 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	15 ± 3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

¹²⁵Ru

Mass Number	125
Neutron Number	81
Relative Atomic Mass	124.969544 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2018
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

History

Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated the element in 1807, but his work was not ratified. Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. In 1844, Karl Ernst Claus confirmed that there was a new element and isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of the rouble production while he was working in Kazan University, Kazan. From the Latin word Ruthenia, Russia

Discoverers	Karl Klaus
Discovery Location	Russia
Discovery Year	1844
Etymology (Name Origin)	Latin: Ruthenia (Russia).
Pronunciation	roo-THE-ni-em (English)

Ruthenium is a suspected carcinogen and its compounds strongly stain the skin

Ruthenium is unaffected by air, water and acids

Uses

Ruthenium is used in platinum and palladium alloys to make wear-resistant electrical contacts. Ruthenium dioxide and lead and bismuth ruthenates are used in thick-film chip resistors. Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with alloys containing ruthenium. Ruthenium is a versatile catalyst. Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.

Sources

Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	0.001 mg/kg
Natural Abundance (Oceans)	0.0000007 mg/L
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
Natural Abundance (Meteor)	0.000081 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)	0.0000005 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0000004 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.9077
2	p	4.0492
2	s	11.6202
3	d	14.6411
3	p	16.7789
3	s	16.3988
4	d	31.1872
4	p	27.5652
4	s	26.344
5	s	37.5155

Also Known As

Ru
element 44
44Ru
vestium

Translations

Norwegian Bokmålruthenium
Frenchruthénium
Italianrutenio
GermanRuthenium
Dutchruthenium
Swedishrutenium
Norwegian Nynorskruthenium
Danishruthenium
Hungarianruténium
Afrikaansrutenium
Amharicሩቴኒየም
AragoneseRutenio
Arabicروثينيوم
AzerbaijaniRutenium
BelarusianРутэній
Bulgarianрутений
Banglaরুথিনিয়াম
BretonRuteniom
Bosnianrutenij
Catalanruteni
CorsicanRuteniu
Czechruthenium
ChuvashРутени
WelshRwtheniwm
Greekρουθήνιο
Esperantorutenio
Spanishrutenio
EstonianRuteenium
Basquerutenio
Persianروتنیم
Finnishrutenium
FriulianRuteni
IrishRuitéiniam
Galicianrutenio
ManxRutainium
Hebrewרותניום
Hindiरुथेनियम
Fiji HindiRuthenium
CroatianRutenij
Armenianռութենիում
Interlinguaruthenium
Indonesianrutenium
Idorutenio
Icelandicrúten
Japaneseルテニウム
Lojbanrukyjinme
JavaneseRutenium
Georgianრუთენიუმი
Kannadaರುಥೇನಿಯಮ್
Korean루테늄
KurdishRûtenyûm
KomiРутений
Latinruthenium
LuxembourgishRuthenium
LigurianRutennio
LithuanianRutenis
Latvianrutēnijs
Malayalamറുഥീനിയം
Marathiरुथेनियम
Western MariРутений
MalayRutenium
OccitanRutèni
Polishruten
Western Panjabiروتھینیم
Portugueseruténio
QuechuaRuthenyu
Romanianruteniu
Russianрутений
Sicilianruteniu
Serbo-CroatianRutenijum
Slovakruténium
SlovenianRutenij
Serbianрутенијум
Saterland FrisianRuthenium
SwahiliRutheni
Tamilருத்தேனியம்
Thaiรูทีเนียม
TurkishRutenyum
TatarRuteni
UkrainianРутеній
UzbekRuteniy
VepsRutenii
Vietnameserutheni
WarayRutenyo
KalmykРүтениүм
Yiddishרוטעניום
YorubaRuthenium
Chinese釕
CebuanoRutenyo
MacedonianРутениум
Central Kurdishڕوتینیۆم
Odiaରୁଥେନିଅମ
Gujaratiરુથેનિયમ
PiedmonteseRuteni
Scotsruthenium
SomaliRutheniyaam
KazakhРутений
Cantonese釕
Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)Рутэн
AlbanianRutheniumi
AromanianRuteniu
Sanskritरुथेनियम
KyrgyzРутений
LimburgishRuthenium
Malteserutenju
LombardRutenio
Bhojpuriरुथेनियम
Paliरुथेनियम
Nepaliरुथेनियम
Newariरुथेनियम
Scottish GaelicRutenium
Hakka Chineseruthenium
Punjabiਰੂਥੇਨੀਅਮ
cdoRuthenium
Min Nan ChineseRuthenium
AsturianRuteniu
Tibetanརུ་ཐེ་ནིམ་།
Portuguese (Brazil)rutênio
Tajikрутений
TagalogRutenyo
kbpRʊtɛnɩyɔm
Mongolianрутени
oloRutenii
Literary Chinese釕
Lingua Franca Novarutenio
Northern FrisianRuteenium
Chinese (Traditional)釕
Chinese (Taiwan)釕
Uyghurرۇتېنىي
Chinese (Simplified)钌
Wu Chinese钌
Burmeseရက်သီနီယမ်
SardinianRutèniu
BashkirРутений
Moroccan Arabicروثينيوم
Egyptian Arabicروثينيوم
Pashtoروتېنيوم
KotavaRutel
CornishRutheniom
Manipuriꯔꯨꯊꯦꯅꯤꯌꯝ
BikolRutenyo
Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)釕
BalineseRuthénium
Urduروتھینیئم

Ruthenium on ChemicalAid

Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3569
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	12226709p
CAB ID	262924
CAS Registry Number	7440-18-8
CPV Supplementary	AA21
ChEBI ID	30682
ChemSpider ID	22390
Common Procurement Vocabulary	14743000
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID1047651
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID9064687
Den Store Danske ID	ruthenium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.297
Elhuyar ZTH ID	030351
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/ruthenium
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	ruthenium
Freebase ID	/m/025scl1
GND ID	4178766-3
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0057187
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	3522864
InChI	InChI=1S/Ru
InChIKey	KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Ruthenium
Latvian National Encyclopedia Online ID	97115
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85116086
MeSH descriptor ID	D012428
Mindat mineral ID	3483
NALT ID	61856
NDL Authority ID	00569816
NKCR AUT ID	ph202575
Namuwiki ID	루테늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007548526805171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	351999
OpenAlex ID	C555196967
PSH ID	5776
Probes And Drugs ID	PD099452
PubChem CID	23950
Quora topic ID	Ruthenium-1
RxNorm ID	1534768
Römpp online ID	RD-18-02130
Store norske leksikon ID	ruthenium
Treccani ID	rutenio
UNII	7UI0TKC3U5
USGS Thesaurus ID	1563
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Mineral", "Ruthenium"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14677421-n
ZVG number	7440

Ruthenium (Ru)

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Other

Isotopes of Ruthenium

85Ru

86Ru

87Ru

88Ru

89Ru

90Ru

91Ru

92Ru

93Ru

94Ru

95Ru

96Ru

97Ru

98Ru

99Ru

100Ru

101Ru

102Ru

103Ru

104Ru

105Ru

106Ru

107Ru

108Ru

109Ru

110Ru

111Ru

112Ru

113Ru

114Ru

115Ru

116Ru

117Ru

118Ru

119Ru

120Ru

121Ru

122Ru

123Ru

124Ru

125Ru