Atomic Number | 14 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 28.085 |
Mass Number | 28 |
Group | 14 |
---|---|
Period | 3 |
Block | p |
Protons | 14 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 14 n0 |
Electrons | 14 e- |
Atomic Radius | 110 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 12.1 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 116 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 117 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 26 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 40 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 210 pm
|
Density | 2.3296 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 837 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 1.3895211 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 8.151683 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 383 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 50.6 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 450 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 4 |
Valence Electrons | 4 |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p2 |
Oxidation States | -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 1.9
|
Electrophilicity | 1.6827934805482991 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,538.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,687.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 149 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000026 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 19.99 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.712 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Semiconductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.001 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.001 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000016 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.0000000000449 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.00000373
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Tetrahedral Packing (DIA) |
Lattice Constant | 5.43 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness |
6.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 100 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | 47 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 2,200 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Metalloids, Metalloids |
CAS Group | IVB |
IUPAC Group | IVA |
Glawe Number | 85 |
Mendeleev Number | 88 |
Pettifor Number | 85 |
Geochemical Class | major |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 814.1 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 305 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.166
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0002
|
Quantum Numbers | 3P0 |
Space Group | 227 (Fd_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 3 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 21 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 21 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 22 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 28.7 ± 1.1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 62% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 0.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 23 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 42.3 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 88% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 3.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 24 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 143.2 ± 2.1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 34.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 25 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 220.6 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 35% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 26 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.2453 ± 0.0007 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 27 |
G-Factor | 0.34608 ± 0.00012
|
Half Life | 4.117 ± 0.014 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.063 ± 0.014
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 92.2545 ± 0.0037
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 28 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 4.672 ± 0.016
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 29 |
G-Factor | -1.110104 ± 0.000006
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 3.0735 ± 0.0021
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 30 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1924 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 31 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 157.16 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 32 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 157 ± 7 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 33 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.18 ± 0.18 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 34 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.77 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 35 |
G-Factor | 0.46828571428571 ± 0.0011428571428571
|
Half Life | 780 ± 120 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 36 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 503 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 12% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 37 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 141 ± 3.5 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 38 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 63 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 25% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 41.2 ± 4.1 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 33% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 31.2 ± 2.6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 38% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 20 ± 2.5 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 55% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 12.5 ± 3.5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2002 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
In 1800, Sir Humphry Davy thought silica to be a compound and not an element; but in 1811, Gay Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. In 1824 Jöns Jakob Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon by the same general method. Henri Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. From the Latin word silex, silicis, flint
Discoverers | Jöns Berzelius |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1824 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: silex, silicus, (flint). |
Pronunciation | SIL-i-ken (English) |
Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 282,000 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 2.2 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.026 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 14 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.09 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.07 %
|
1 | s | 0.4255 |
2 | p | 4.055 |
2 | s | 4.98 |
3 | p | 9.7148 |
3 | s | 9.0968 |