Silicon (Si)
Silicon is the 14th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Si and atomic number of 14. It has an atomic weight of 28.085 and a mass number of 28. Silicon has fourteen protons and fourteen neutrons in its nucleus, and fourteen electrons in three shells. It is located in group fourteen, period three and block p of the periodic table. Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.
| Atomic Number | 14 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 28.085 |
| Mass Number | 28 |
| Group | 14 |
|---|---|
| Period | 3 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 14 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 14 n0 |
| Electrons | 14 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | |
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | |
| Covalent Radius | |
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | |
| Crystal Radius | |
| Van der Waals Radius | |
| Density |
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | |
| Ionization Energy | |
| Heat of Vaporization | |
| Heat of Fusion | |
| Heat of Formation | |
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 8, 4 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 4 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Electronegativity |
1.9
|
| Electrophilicity Index | |
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | |
| Melting Point | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Silicon is a Gray. Si has a CPK of #daa520, Jmol of #f0c8a0, and MOLCAS GV of #f0c8a0. The Appearance of Element 14 is crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces. | |
| Color | Gray
|
| Appearance | crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces |
| Refractive Index | |
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | |
| Specific Heat Capacity | |
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Semiconductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000016 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.0000000000449 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.00000373
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Silicon is DIA. The lattice constant of Si is 5.43 Å. The lattice angles of Element 14 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
| Crystal Structure | Tetrahedral Packing (DIA) |
| Lattice Constant | |
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
Silicon has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Si is 100 GPa. The Young Modulus of Element 14 is 47 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Silicon (Si) is 2200 m/s. | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Silicon is IVB. The IUPAC Group of Si is IVA. The Glawe Number of Element 14 is 85. The Mendeleev Number of Silicon (Si) is 88. The Pettifor Number of Silicon is 85. The Geochemical Class of Si is major. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 14 is litophile. | |
| Category | Metalloids, Metalloids |
| CAS Group | IVB |
| IUPAC Group | IVA |
| Glawe Number | 85 |
| Mendeleev Number | 88 |
| Pettifor Number | 85 |
| Geochemical Class | major |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other
The Gas Basicity of Silicon is 814.1 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Si is 37.3 plus or minus 0.7 a₀. Element 14 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 305 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 308 a₀. The Allotropes of Silicon (Si) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Silicon is 0.166. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Si is 0.0002. The Quantum Numbers of Element 14 is 3P0. The Space Group of Silicon (Si) is 227 (Fd_3m).
| Gas Basicity | |
|---|---|
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Allotropes | |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.166
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0002
|
| Quantum Numbers | 3P0 |
| Space Group | 227 (Fd_3m) |
Isotopes of Silicon
| Stable Isotopes | 3 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 21 |
| Natural Isotopes | 3 |
22Si
| Mass Number | 22 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 8 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 28.7 ± 1.1 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1987 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 62% |
| 2p (2-proton emission) | 0.7% |
23Si
| Mass Number | 23 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 9 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 42.3 ± 0.4 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1986 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 88% |
| 2p (2-proton emission) | 3.6% |
24Si
| Mass Number | 24 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 143.2 ± 2.1 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 34.5% |
25Si
| Mass Number | 25 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 220.6 ± 1 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1963 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 35% |
26Si
| Mass Number | 26 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.2453 ± 0.0007 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1960 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
27Si
| Mass Number | 27 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 13 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.34608 ± 0.00012
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.117 ± 0.014 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.063 ± 0.014
|
| Discovery Year | 1939 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
28Si
| Mass Number | 28 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 14 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | 92.2545 ± 0.0037
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1920 |
| Parity | + |
29Si
| Mass Number | 29 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 15 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | -1.110104 ± 0.000006
|
| Abundance | 4.672 ± 0.016
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1920 |
| Parity | + |
30Si
| Mass Number | 30 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 16 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | 3.0735 ± 0.0021
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1924 |
| Parity | + |
31Si
| Mass Number | 31 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 17 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 157.16 ± 0.2 m
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
32Si
| Mass Number | 32 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 18 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 157 ± 7 y
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1953 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
33Si
| Mass Number | 33 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 19 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 6.18 ± 0.18 s
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
34Si
| Mass Number | 34 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 20 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.77 ± 0.2 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
35Si
| Mass Number | 35 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 21 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.46828571428571 ± 0.0011428571428571
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 780 ± 120 ms
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 5% |
36Si
| Mass Number | 36 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 22 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 503 ± 2 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 12% |
37Si
| Mass Number | 37 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 23 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 141 ± 3.5 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
38Si
| Mass Number | 38 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 24 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 63 ± 8 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 25% |
39Si
| Mass Number | 39 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 25 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 41.2 ± 4.1 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 33% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
40Si
| Mass Number | 40 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 26 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 31.2 ± 2.6 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 38% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
41Si
| Mass Number | 41 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 27 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 20 ± 2.5 ms
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 55% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
42Si
| Mass Number | 42 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 28 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 12.5 ± 3.5 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1990 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
43Si
| Mass Number | 43 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 29 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2002 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
44Si
| Mass Number | 44 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 30 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2007 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
45Si
| Mass Number | 45 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 31 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
History
In 1800, Sir Humphry Davy thought silica to be a compound and not an element; but in 1811, Gay Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. In 1824 Jöns Jakob Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon by the same general method. Henri Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. From the Latin word silex, silicis, flint
| Discoverers | Jöns Berzelius |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Sweden |
| Discovery Year | 1824 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: silex, silicus, (flint). |
| Pronunciation | SIL-i-ken (English) |
If breathed in as a fine silica/silicate dust, it may cause chronic respiratory problems
Silicon also has the unusual property that it expands as it freezes
Uses
In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass. Silicon chips are the basis of modern electronic and computing. Silicon carbide, more commonly called carborundum is used in abrasives. Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors.
Sources
Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | |
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.026 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 14 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.09 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.07 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.4255 |
| 2 | p | 4.055 |
| 2 | s | 4.98 |
| 3 | p | 9.7148 |
| 3 | s | 9.0968 |
Also Known As
- Si
- element 14
- 14Si
Translations
- Italiansilicio
- Norwegian Bokmålsilisium
- Spanishsilicio
- Polishkrzem
- Russianкремний
- Frenchsilicium
- GermanSilicium
- Dutchsilicium
- Chinese (Traditional)矽
- Czechkřemík
- Afrikaanssilikon
- Amharicሲልከን
- AragoneseSilicio
- Arabicسيليكون
- AsturianSiliciu
- AzerbaijaniSilisium
- Belarusianкрэмній
- Bulgarianсилиций
- Banglaসিলিকন
- BretonSilisiom
- Bosniansilicij
- Catalansilici
- Central Kurdishسیلیکۆن
- CorsicanSiliciu
- ChuvashКремни
- WelshSilicon
- Danishsilicium
- Divehiސިލިކަން
- Greekπυρίτιο
- Esperantosilicio
- Estonianräni
- Basquesilizio
- Persianسیلیسیم
- Finnishpii
- Northern FrisianSilitsium
- FriulianSilici
- IrishSileacan
- GalicianSilicio
- GuaraniKuarepotiatã
- Gujaratiસિલિકોન
- ManxShillagon
- Hakka ChineseSi̍t
- HawaiianSilikone
- Hebrewצורן
- Hindiसिलिकॉन
- Fiji HindiSilicon
- CroatianSilicij
- Haitian CreoleSilisyòm
- Hungarianszilícium
- Armenianսիլիցիում
- Interlinguasilicium
- Indonesiansilikon
- Idosiliko
- Icelandickísill
- Japaneseケイ素
- Lojbancancmu
- Georgianსილიციუმი
- KazakhКремний
- Kannadaಸಿಲಿಕಾನ್
- Korean규소
- KurdishSîlîsyûm
- KomiКремний
- Latinsilicium
- LuxembourgishSilizium
- LigurianSiliçio
- LithuanianSilicis
- Latviansilīcijs
- MalagasySilisiôma
- Māoritakawai
- Macedonianсилициум
- Malayalamസിലിക്കൺ
- Mongolianцахиур
- Marathiसिलिकॉन
- Western MariКремний
- Malaysilikon
- Burmeseဆီလီကွန်
- nahTecpatepozteuh
- Low GermanSilizium
- Nepaliसिलिकन
- Norwegian Nynorsksilisium
- OccitanSilici
- Punjabiਸਿਲੀਕੋਨ
- Western Panjabiسلیکان
- Portuguesesilício
- QuechuaUllayayaq
- Romaniansiliciu
- Siciliansiliciu
- Serbo-CroatianSilicij
- Sinhalaසිලිකන්
- Slovakkremík
- Sloveniansilicij
- AlbanianSilici
- Serbianсилицијум
- Saterland FrisianSilicium
- Swedishkisel
- SwahiliSilikoni
- Tamilசிலிக்கன்
- Teluguసిలికాన్
- TajikСилитсий
- Thaiซิลิคอน
- Tagalogsilicon
- Turkishsilisyum
- Uyghurسىلىتسىي
- Ukrainianкремній
- UzbekKremniy
- VepsOla
- Vietnamesesilic
- WaraySilicon
- KalmykЦәкүр
- Yiddishסיליציום
- YorubaSilikoni
- Chinese硅
- English (Canada)Silicon
- English (United Kingdom)silicon
- Chinese (China)硅
- Chinese (Simplified)硅
- German (Switzerland)Silicium
- Portuguese (Brazil)silício
- Cantonese矽
- JavaneseSilikon
- CebuanoSiliko
- Odiaସିଲିକନ
- PiedmonteseSilissi
- Scotssilicon
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)矽
- TatarКремний
- SomaliSilikoon
- KikuyuSilicon
- Newariसिलिकन
- BuriatСахюур
- BashkirКремний
- Min Nan ChineseSi-lí-khóng
- Literary Chinese硅
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)крэмн
- Swiss GermanSilicium
- Scottish GaelicSileagan
- Chinese (Taiwan)矽
- KyrgyzКремний
- SardinianSilìciu
- cdoSĭk
- LimburgishSilicium
- Sanskritसिलिकन
- LombardSilicio
- Maltesesilikon
- AromanianSiliciu
- Paliसिलिकन
- Bhojpuriसिलिकॉन
- azbسیلیکون
- Tibetanསྭི་ལི་ཀོན།
- SundaneseSilikon
- Jamaican Creole EnglishSilikan
- Lingua Franca Novasilico
- Wu Chinese硅
- oloPii
- kbpSɩlɩsɩyɔm
- hywՍիղիկիոն
- Pashtoسليکان
- Santaliᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱟᱱ
- gcrSilicium
- Chinese (Singapore)硅
- Chinese (Malaysia)硅
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)矽
- FaroeseSilicium
- Moroccan Arabicسيليسيوم
- Egyptian Arabicسيليكون
- Cornishsilikon
- BikolSilikon
- Manipuriꯁꯤꯂꯤꯀꯣꯟ
- VenetianSiłicio
- BalineseSilikon
- Malay (Arabic)سيليکون
- Urduسلیکان
- Sindhiسليڪان
- blkသီလီကွန်
- ZhuangGveih
