Phosphorus (P)
Phosphorus is the 15th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of P and atomic number of 15. It has an atomic weight of 30.97376 and a mass number of 31. Phosphorus has fifteen protons and sixteen neutrons in its nucleus, and fifteen electrons in three shells. It is located in group fifteen, period three and block p of the periodic table. Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
| Atomic Number | 15 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 30.973761998 |
| Mass Number | 31 |
| Group | 15 |
|---|---|
| Period | 3 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 15 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 16 n0 |
| Electrons | 15 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | |
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | |
| Covalent Radius | |
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | |
| Crystal Radius | |
| Van der Waals Radius | |
| Density |
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | |
| Ionization Energy | |
| Heat of Vaporization | |
| Heat of Fusion | |
| Heat of Formation | |
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 8, 5 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 5 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p3ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| Electronegativity |
2.19
|
| Electrophilicity Index | |
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | |
| Melting Point | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Phosphorus is a Colorless. P has a CPK of #ffa500, Jmol of #ff8000, and MOLCAS GV of #ff8000. The Appearance of Element 15 is colourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black. The Refractive Index of Phosphorus (P) is 1.001212. | |
| Color | Colorless
|
| Appearance | colourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black |
| Refractive Index | 1.001212
|
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | |
| Specific Heat Capacity | |
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000113 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.00000000035 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000206
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Phosphorus is CUB. The lattice constant of P is 7.17 Å. The lattice angles of Element 15 are 1.25384, 1.57725, 1.24896. | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Triclinic (CUB) |
| Lattice Constant | |
| Lattice Angles | 1.25384, 1.57725, 1.24896 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
The Bulk Modulus of Phosphorus is 11 GPa. | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Phosphorus is VB. The IUPAC Group of P is VA. The Glawe Number of Element 15 is 89. The Mendeleev Number of Phosphorus (P) is 94. The Pettifor Number of Phosphorus is 90. The Goldschmidt Class of P is litophile. | |
| Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
| CAS Group | VB |
| IUPAC Group | VA |
| Glawe Number | 89 |
| Mendeleev Number | 94 |
| Pettifor Number | 90 |
| Geochemical Class | |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other
The Gas Basicity of Phosphorus is 604.8 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of P is 25 plus or minus 1 a₀. Element 15 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 185 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 187 a₀. The Allotropes of Phosphorus (P) are White Phosphorus, Red Phosphorus, Black Phosphorus. The Neutron Cross Section of Phosphorus is 0.18. The Neutron Mass Absorption of P is 0.0002. The Quantum Numbers of Element 15 is 4S3/2. The Space Group of Phosphorus (P) is 2 (P-1).
| Gas Basicity | |
|---|---|
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Allotropes | White Phosphorus, Red Phosphorus, Black Phosphorus |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.18
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0002
|
| Quantum Numbers | 4S3/2 |
| Space Group | 2 (P-1) |
Isotopes of Phosphorus
| Stable Isotopes | 1 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 23 |
| Natural Isotopes | 1 |
24P
| Mass Number | 24 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 9 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
25P
| Mass Number | 25 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) |
26P
| Mass Number | 26 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 43.6 ± 0.3 ms
|
| Spin | 3 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1983 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 35.1% |
| 2p (2-proton emission) | 1.99% |
27P
| Mass Number | 27 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 260 ± 80 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1977 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.07% |
28P
| Mass Number | 28 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 13 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.104 ± 0.001
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 270.3 ± 0.5 ms
|
| Spin | 3 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.137 ± 0.014
|
| Discovery Year | 1953 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.0013% |
| β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.00086% |
29P
| Mass Number | 29 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 14 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 2.4688 ± 0.0006
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.102 ± 0.004 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1941 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
30P
| Mass Number | 30 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 15 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.5 ± 0.0017 m
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
31P
| Mass Number | 31 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 16 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 2.26185 ± 0.00001
|
| Abundance | 100
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1920 |
| Parity | + |
32P
| Mass Number | 32 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 17 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | -0.2528 ± 0.0002
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 14.269 ± 0.007 d
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
33P
| Mass Number | 33 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 18 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 25.35 ± 0.11 d
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1951 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
34P
| Mass Number | 34 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 19 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 12.43 ± 0.1 s
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1945 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
35P
| Mass Number | 35 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 20 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 47.3 ± 0.8 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
36P
| Mass Number | 36 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 21 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.6 ± 0.3 s
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
37P
| Mass Number | 37 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 22 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.31 ± 0.13 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
38P
| Mass Number | 38 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 23 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 640 ± 140 ms
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 12% |
39P
| Mass Number | 39 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 24 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 282 ± 24 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1977 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 26% |
40P
| Mass Number | 40 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 25 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 150 ± 8 ms
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 15.8% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
41P
| Mass Number | 41 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 26 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 101 ± 5 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 30% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
42P
| Mass Number | 42 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 27 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 48.5 ± 1.5 ms
|
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 50% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
43P
| Mass Number | 43 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 28 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 35.8 ± 1.3 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 100% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
44P
| Mass Number | 44 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 29 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 18.5 ± 2.5 ms
|
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
45P
| Mass Number | 45 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 30 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1990 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
46P
| Mass Number | 46 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 31 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1990 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
47P
| Mass Number | 47 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 32 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2018 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
History
Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669, in Hamburg, Germany, preparing it from urine. In 1769, Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that calcium phosphate is found in bones, and they obtained elemental phosphorus from bone ash. Antoine Lavoisier recognized phosphorus as an element in 1777. From the Greek phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise
| Discoverers | Hennig Brand |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Germany |
| Discovery Year | 1669 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: phosphoros, (bringer of light). |
| Pronunciation | FOS-fer-es (English) |
White phosphorus is highly toxic while red phosphorus is considered non-toxic
Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms - white phosphorus and red phosphorus
Uses
Many fertilisers contain a high proportion of phosphorus and are manufactured from concentrated phosphoric acids. Phosphorus is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics and incendiary shells. Phosphorus is also used in steel manufacture and in the production of phosphor bronze. Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches, and incendiary weapons. Also some applications for it and some of its compounds which glow in the dark.
Sources
Found most often in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke, and silica to about 1450 °C.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | |
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 1.1 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.11 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.0007 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.0007 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.4422 |
| 2 | p | 4.0388 |
| 2 | s | 5.175 |
| 3 | p | 10.1136 |
| 3 | s | 9.3582 |
Also Known As
- P
- element 15
- 15P
Translations
- Italianfòsforo
- GermanPhosphor
- Norwegian Bokmålfosfor
- Frenchphosphore
- Dutchfosfor
- Chinese (Traditional)磷
- Spanishfósforo
- Afrikaansfosfor
- Amharicፎስፈረስ
- AragoneseFosforo
- Arabicفسفور
- Asturianfósforu
- Azerbaijanifosfor
- Bashkirфосфор
- Belarusianфосфар
- Bulgarianфосфор
- Banglaফসফরাস
- Bretonfosfor
- Bosnianfosfor
- Catalanfòsfor
- Corsicanfosfaru
- Czechfosfor
- Chuvashфосфор
- Welshffosfforws
- Danishfosfor
- Divehiފޮސްފަރަސް
- Greekφώσφορος
- Esperantofosforo
- EstonianFosfor
- Basquefosforo
- Persianفسفر
- Finnishfosfori
- Northern Frisianphosphor
- Friulianfosfar
- Irishfosfar
- Galicianfósforo
- Gujaratiફોસ્ફરસ
- Manxfosfaar
- Hakka Chineselìn
- Hawaiianpokepola
- Hebrewזרחן
- Hindiफास्फोरस
- Fiji Hindiphosphorus
- Croatianfosfor
- Haitian Creolefosfò
- Hungarianfoszfor
- Armenianֆոսֆոր
- Interlinguaphosphoro
- Indonesianfosforus
- Idofosfo
- Icelandicfosfór
- Japaneseリン
- Lojbansackycmu
- Javanesefosfor
- Georgianფოსფორი
- KazakhФосфор
- Kannadaರಂಜಕ
- Korean인
- Kurdishfosfor
- Komiфосфор
- Latinphosphorus
- LuxembourgishPhosphor
- Ligurianfosforo
- Lithuanianfosforas
- Latvianfosfors
- Mokshaпалыкандор
- Māoripūtūtae-whetū
- Macedonianфосфор
- Malayalamഫോസ്ഫറസ്
- Marathiस्फुरद
- Western Mariфосфор
- Malayfosforus
- Low GermanPhosphor
- Nepaliफस्फोरस
- Norwegian Nynorskfosfor
- Novialfosfore
- Occitanfosfòr
- Punjabiਫ਼ਾਸਫ਼ੋਰਸ
- Polishfosfor
- Western Panjabiفاسفورس
- Portuguesefósforo
- Quechuaphusphuru
- Romanianfosfor
- Russianфосфор
- Sicilianfòsfuru
- Serbo-Croatianfosfor
- Sinhalaෆොස්පරස්
- Slovakfosfor
- Slovenianfosfor
- Albanianfosfori
- Serbianфосфор
- Saterland FrisianPhosphor
- Swedishfosfor
- Swahiliposferi
- Tamilபாசுபரசு
- Teluguభాస్వరము
- Tajikфосфор
- Thaiฟอสฟอรัส
- Tagalogposporo
- Turkishfosfor
- Uyghurفوسفور
- Ukrainianфосфор
- Urduشبتاب
- Uzbekfosfor
- VepsFosfor
- Vietnamesephosphor
- Warayfosforo
- Kalmykсүүмг
- Yiddishפאספאר
- Yorubaphosphorus
- Chinese磷
- Cebuanoposporo
- Central Kurdishفۆسفۆر
- Mongolianфосфор
- Odiaଫସ୍ଫରସ
- German (Switzerland)Phosphor
- English (Canada)phosphorus
- English (United Kingdom)phosphorus
- Portuguese (Brazil)fósforo
- Cantonese磷
- Scotsphosphorus
- Chinese (China)磷
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)磷
- Newariफस्फोरस
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)фосфар
- Tatarфосфор
- Literary Chinese磷
- Piedmontesefòsfor
- Erzyaфосфор
- Kikuyuphosphorous
- Somalifosforos
- Aromanianfosforu
- Kyrgyzфосфор
- Limburgishfosfor
- cdolìng
- Faroesefosfor
- Scottish Gaelicfosfaras
- Lombardfosforo
- Maltesefosfru
- Zhuanglinz
- Sanskritफास्फोरस
- Gan Chinese磷
- Min Nan Chineselîn
- Bhojpuriफॉस्फोरस
- Tibetanའོད་མ།
- Sundanesefosforus
- olofosforu
- Paliफस्फोरस
- Tunisian Arabic (Arabic)فسفور
- Lingua Franca Novafosfor
- XhosaI-Phosphorus
- Wu Chinese磷
- azbفوسفور
- kbpfɔsɩfɔrɩ
- hywԼուսաբեր
- Chinese (Taiwan)磷
- Extremaduranfósforu
- Chinese (Simplified)磷
- Burmeseဖော့စဖောရပ်
- Chinese (Singapore)磷
- Chinese (Malaysia)磷
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)磷
- Moroccan Arabicفوسفور
- Egyptian Arabicفسفور
- Pashtoفاسفورس
- Bikolposporo
- lldfosfor
- Cornishfosforos
- Balinesephosfor
- Sardinianfòsforu
- Malay (Arabic)فوسفوروس
- Venetianfòsforo
- Walloonfosfôre
- Sindhiفاسفورس
- Korean (North Korea)린
- blkဖော့သဖောရတ်သ်
