Kisel

Kisel (Si)

grundämne
Atomnummer14
Atommassa28.085
masstal28
Grupp14
Period3
Blockp
Protoner14 p+
Neutroner14 n0
Electrons14 e-
Animated Bohrs atommodell of Si (Kisel)

Egenskaper

fysisk egenskap
atomradie
110 pm
molvolym
12,1 cm³/mol
kovalent radie
116 pm
Metallic Radius
117 pm
ionic radius
26 pm
Crystal Radius
40 pm
Van der Waalsradie
210 pm
densitet
2,3296 g/cm³
energi
proton affinity
837 kJ/mol
Elektronaffinitet
1,3895211 eV/particle
joniseringsenergi
8,151683 eV/particle
joniseringsenergi of Si (Kisel)
ångbildningsvärme
383 kJ/mol
smältvärme
50,6 kJ/mol
Bildningsentalpi
450 kJ/mol
Electrons
electron shell2, 8, 4
Bohrs atommodell: Si (Kisel)
valenselektron4
Elektronformel: Si (Kisel)
elektronkonfiguration[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Enhanced Bohrs atommodell of Si (Kisel)
Orbital Diagram of Si (Kisel)
oxidationstal-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
elektronegativitet
1.9
Electrophilicity
1,6827934805482991 eV/particle
Phases
aggregationstillståndFast
Gas Phase
Kokpunkt
3 538,15 K
Smältpunkt
1 687,15 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
trippelpunkt
Visual
färg
Grå
appearancecrystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Brytningsindex
materialegenskap
Värmeledningsförmåga
149 W/(m K)
termisk expansion
0,0000026 1/K
molar heat capacity
19,99 J/(mol K)
Specifik värmekapacitet
0,712 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
typeSemiconductor
elektrisk konduktivitet
0,001 MS/m
resistivitet
0,001 m Ω
supraledare
magnetism
typediamagnetic
magnetisk susceptibilitet (Mass)
−0,0000000016 m³/Kg
magnetisk susceptibilitet (Molar)
−0,0000000000449 m³/mol
magnetisk susceptibilitet (Volume)
−0,00000373
magnetic ordering
Curiepunkten
Néel temperature
Structure
KristallstrukturTetrahedral Packing (DIA)
Gitterkonstant
5,43 Å
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, π/2
mekanisk materialegenskap
hårdhet
6,5 MPa
Kompressibilitet
100 GPa
skjuvmodul
Young's modulus
47 GPa
Poissons konstant
ljudhastighet
2 200 m/s
klassificering
KategoriMetalloid, Metalloids
CAS GroupIVB
IUPAC GroupIVA
Glawe Number85
Mendeleev Number88
Pettifor Number85
Geochemical Classmajor
Goldschmidt classificationlitophile
övrigt
Gas Basicity
814,1 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability
37,3 ± 0,7 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
305 a₀
Allotropes
Träffyta
0,166
Neutron Mass Absorption
0,0002
kvanttal3P0
rymdgrupp227 (Fd_3m)

Kiselisotoper

Stabila isotoper3
Instabila isotoper21
Radioactive Isotopes21

22Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
22,036114 ± 0,000537 Da
masstal22
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
28,7 ± 1,1 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1987
Paritet+
22Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)62%
2p (2-proton emission)0.7%

23Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
23,025711 ± 0,000537 Da
masstal23
g-factor
Halveringstid
42,3 ± 0,4 ms
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1986
Paritet+
23Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)88%
2p (2-proton emission)3.6%

24Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
24,01153543 ± 0,000020904 Da
masstal24
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
143,2 ± 2,1 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1979
Paritet+
24Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)34.5%

25Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
25,004108798 ± 0,000010735 Da
masstal25
g-factor
Halveringstid
220,6 ± 1 ms
Spinn5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1963
Paritet+
25Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)35%

26Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
25,992333818 ± 0,000000115 Da
masstal26
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
2,2453 ± 0,0007 s
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1960
Paritet+
26Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

27Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
26,986704687 ± 0,000000115 Da
masstal27
g-factor
0,34608 ± 0,00012
Halveringstid
4,117 ± 0,014 s
Spinn5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0,063 ± 0,014
upptäcktsdatum1939
Paritet+
27Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

28Si

natural abundance
92,2545 ± 0,0037
relative atomic mass
27,97692653442 ± 0,00000000055 Da
masstal28
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1920
Paritet+

29Si

natural abundance
4,672 ± 0,016
relative atomic mass
28,97649466434 ± 0,0000000006 Da
masstal29
g-factor
−1,110104 ± 0,000006
Halveringstid
Spinn1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1920
Paritet+

30Si

natural abundance
3,0735 ± 0,0021
relative atomic mass
29,973770137 ± 0,000000023 Da
masstal30
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1924
Paritet+

31Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
30,975363196 ± 0,000000046 Da
masstal31
g-factor
Halveringstid
157,16 ± 0,2 m
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1934
Paritet+
31Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

32Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
31,974151538 ± 0,00000032 Da
masstal32
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
157 ± 7 y
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1953
Paritet+
32Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

33Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
32,977976964 ± 0,00000075 Da
masstal33
g-factor
Halveringstid
6,18 ± 0,18 s
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1971
Paritet+
33Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

34Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
33,978538045 ± 0,00000086 Da
masstal34
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
2,77 ± 0,2 s
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1971
Paritet+
34Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

35Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
34,984550111 ± 0,000038494 Da
masstal35
g-factor
0,46828571428571 ± 0,0011428571428571
Halveringstid
780 ± 120 ms
Spinn7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1971
Paritet-
35Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)5%

36Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
35,986649271 ± 0,000077077 Da
masstal36
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
503 ± 2 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1971
Paritet+
36Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)12%

37Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
36,992945191 ± 0,000122179 Da
masstal37
g-factor
Halveringstid
141 ± 3,5 ms
Spinn5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1979
Paritet-
37Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)17%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

38Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
37,995523 ± 0,0001125 Da
masstal38
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
63 ± 8 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1979
Paritet+
38Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)25%

39Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
39,002491 ± 0,0001455 Da
masstal39
g-factor
Halveringstid
41,2 ± 4,1 ms
Spinn5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1979
Paritet-
39Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)33%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

40Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
40,006083641 ± 0,000130962 Da
masstal40
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
31,2 ± 2,6 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1989
Paritet+
40Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)38%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

41Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
41,014171 ± 0,000322 Da
masstal41
g-factor
Halveringstid
20 ± 2,5 ms
Spinn7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1989
Paritet-
41Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)55%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

42Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
42,018078 ± 0,000322 Da
masstal42
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
12,5 ± 3,5 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1990
Paritet+
42Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

43Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
43,026119 ± 0,000429 Da
masstal43
g-factor
Halveringstid
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum2002
Paritet-
43Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

44Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
44,031466 ± 0,000537 Da
masstal44
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum2007
Paritet+
44Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

45Si

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
45,039818 ± 0,000644 Da
masstal45
g-factor
Halveringstid
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum
Paritet-
45Si Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%
SiliconCroda
Silicon-unit-cell-3D-balls

historia

upptäckare eller uppfinnareJöns Berzelius
fyndplatsSweden
upptäcktsdatum1824
etymologiLatin: silex, silicus, (flint).
uttalSIL-i-ken (engelska)

Sources

Förekomst
Abundance in Earth's crust
282 000 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans
2,2 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body
0,026 %
Abundance in Meteor
14 %
Abundance in Sun
0,09 %
Abundance in Universe
0,07 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.4255
2p4.055
2s4.98
3p9.7148
3s9.0968
Kisel on ChemicalAid