Atomic Number | 62 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 150.36 |
Mass Number | 152 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 62 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 90 n0 |
Electrons | 62 e- |
Atomic Radius | 185 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 19.9 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 172 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 122 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 136 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
236 pm
|
Density | 7.52 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | 5.64371 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 165 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 8.9 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 206.7 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 3 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f6 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity |
1.17
|
Electrophilicity | |
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 2,067.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,345.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000127 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 29.54 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.197 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.1 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000094 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.000000111 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.00000001669 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.00081618
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | 106 K
|
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Trigonal (RHL) |
Lattice Constant | 9 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 38 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 20 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 50 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.27
|
Speed of Sound | 2,130 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 27 |
Mendeleev Number | 23 |
Pettifor Number | 28 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 5,900
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 4.7
|
Quantum Numbers | 7F0 |
Space Group | 166 (R_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 7 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 34 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 36 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 128 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 129 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 550 ± 100 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 130 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 131 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 132 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 133 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.89 ± 0.16 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 134 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 9.5 ± 0.8 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 135 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 10.3 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.02% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 136 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 47 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 137 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 45 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 138 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.1 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 139 |
G-Factor | -1.06 ± 0.04
|
Half Life | 2.57 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 140 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 14.82 ± 0.12 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 141 |
G-Factor | -1.48 ± 0.04
|
Half Life | 10.2 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 142 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 72.49 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 143 |
G-Factor | 0.67333333333333 ± 0.013333333333333
|
Half Life | 8.75 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.4 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 40% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 60% |
Abundance | 3.08 ± 0.04
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 144 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 145 |
G-Factor | -0.32 ± 0.0031428571428571
|
Half Life | 340 ± 3 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.6 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 146 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 68 ± 7 My
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 15 ± 0.14
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 147 |
G-Factor | -0.23114285714286 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 106.6 ± 0.5 Gy
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.26 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 11.25 ± 0.09
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 148 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 6.3 ± 1.3 Py
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | 13.82 ± 0.1
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 149 |
G-Factor | -0.19077142857143 ± 0.00031428571428571
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.075 ± 0.008
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | 7.37 ± 0.09
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 150 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 151 |
G-Factor | -0.1442 ± 0.00024
|
Half Life | 94.6 ± 0.6 y
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.71 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 26.74 ± 0.09
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 152 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | -0.014 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 46.2846 ± 0.0023 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.3 ± 0.12
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 22.74 ± 0.14
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 22.18 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.13 ± 0.13
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 9.4 ± 0.2 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.03 ± 0.07 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 5.3 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.37 ± 0.15 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 9.6 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.8 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.7 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.3 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.43 ± 0.24 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 980 ± 210 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 800 ± 630 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2017 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
In 1853, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac discovered samarium when he found lines in mineral spectra. Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a samarium salt in Paris in 1879 from the mineral samarskite and identified a new element in it via sharp optical absorption lines. The pure element was produced only in 1901 by Eugène-Anatole Demarçay. From samarskite, a mineral named after Russian mine official, Col. Samarski
Discoverers | Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
---|---|
Discovery Location | France |
Discovery Year | 1879 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named after the mineral samarskite. |
Pronunciation | seh-MER-i-em (English) |
Found with other rare earths in monazite sand. The sand is often 50% rare earths by weight and 2.8% samarium.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 7.05 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00000045 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.000017 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0000001 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0000005 %
|
1 | s | 1.2217 |
2 | p | 4.269 |
2 | s | 16.2652 |
3 | d | 13.7711 |
3 | p | 19.5815 |
3 | s | 19.9736 |
4 | d | 33.7604 |
4 | f | 38.4684 |
4 | p | 30.912 |
4 | s | 29.7076 |
5 | p | 45.719 |
5 | s | 43.751 |
6 | s | 53.9882 |