Silver

Silver (Ag)

Silver is the 47th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Ag and atomic number of 47. It has an atomic weight of 107.8682 and a mass number of 107. Silver has forty-seven protons and sixty neutrons in its nucleus, and forty-seven electrons in five shells. It is located in group eleven, period five and block d of the periodic table. White lustrous soft metallic transition element. Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewellery, tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically.
Atomic Number47
Atomic Weight107.8682
Mass Number107
Group11
Period5
Blockd
Protons47 p+
Neutrons60 n0
Electrons47 e-
Animated Bohr Model of Ag (Silver)

Properties

Physical Properties
Atomic Radius
160 pm
Molar Volume
Covalent Radius
128 pm
Metallic Radius
134 pm
Ionic Radius
67 pm
Crystal Radius
81 pm
Van der Waals Radius
211 pm
Density
10.5 g/cm³
Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
7.576234 eV/particle
Ionization Energies of Ag (Silver)
Heat of Vaporization
254.1 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion
11.95 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation
284.9 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells2, 8, 18, 18, 1
Bohr Model: Ag (Silver)
Valence Electrons1
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s1
Enhanced Bohr Model of Ag (Silver)
Orbital Diagram of Ag (Silver)
Oxidation States-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
Electronegativity
1.93
Electrophilicity
1.5703717569100073 eV/particle
Phases
PhaseSolid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point
2,435.15 K
Melting Point
1,234.93 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
6,410.15 K
Triple Point
Visual

Silver is a Silver. Ag has a CPK of #808090, Jmol of #c0c0c0, and MOLCAS GV of #c0c0c0. The Appearance of Element 47 is lustrous white metal.

Color
Silver
Appearancelustrous white metal
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion
0.0000189 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity
25.35 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity
0.235 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
TypeConductor
Electrical Conductivity
62 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity
0.000000016 m Ω
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Typediamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
-0.00000000227 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
-0.000000000245 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
-0.0000238
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure

The Crystal Structure of Silver is FCC. The lattice constant of Ag is 4.09 Å. The lattice angles of Element 47 are π/2, π/2, π/2.

Crystal StructureFace Centered Cubic (FCC)
Lattice Constant
4.09 Å
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties

Silver has a Brinell of 24.5 MPa, Mohs hardness of 2.5 MPa, and Vickers of 251 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Ag is 100 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 47 is 30 GPa. The Young Modulus of Silver (Ag) is 83 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Silver is 0.37. The Speed of Sound of Ag is 2600 m/s.

Hardness
2.5 MPa
Bulk Modulus
100 GPa
Shear Modulus
30 GPa
Young Modulus
83 GPa
Poisson Ratio
0.37
Speed of Sound
2,600 m/s
Classification

The CAS Group of Silver is IB. The IUPAC Group of Ag is IB. The Glawe Number of Element 47 is 67. The Mendeleev Number of Silver (Ag) is 72. The Pettifor Number of Silver is 71. The Goldschmidt Class of Ag is chalcophile.

CategoryTransition metals, Transition metals
CAS GroupIB
IUPAC GroupIB
Glawe Number67
Mendeleev Number72
Pettifor Number71
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt Classchalcophile
Other

The Dipole Polarizability of Silver is 55 plus or minus 8 a₀. Ag has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 341 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 47 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Silver (Ag) is 63.6. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Silver is 0.02. The Quantum Numbers of Ag is 2S1/2. The Space Group of Element 47 is 225 (Fm_3m).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability
55 ± 8 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section
63.6
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.02
Quantum Numbers2S1/2
Space Group225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Silver

Stable Isotopes2
Unstable Isotopes40
Radioactive Isotopes39

92Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
91.95971 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number92
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2016
Parity

92Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)%
p (proton emission)%

93Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
92.950188 ± 0.00043 Da
Mass Number93
G-Factor
Half Life
228 ± 16 ns
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

93Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
p (proton emission)%
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)%

94Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
93.943744 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number94
G-Factor
0
Half Life
27 ± 2 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

94Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)0.2%

95Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
94.935688 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number95
G-Factor
Half Life
1.78 ± 0.06 s
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

95Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)2.3%

96Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
95.930743903 ± 0.000096708 Da
Mass Number96
G-Factor
Half Life
4.45 ± 0.03 s
Spin8
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1982
Parity

96Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)4.2%

97Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
96.9238814 ± 0.0000129 Da
Mass Number97
G-Factor
Half Life
25.5 ± 0.3 s
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1978
Parity

97Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

98Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
97.92155997 ± 0.000035327 Da
Mass Number98
G-Factor
Half Life
47.5 ± 0.3 s
Spin6
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1978
Parity

98Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)0.0012%

99Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
98.917645766 ± 0.000006725 Da
Mass Number99
G-Factor
Half Life
2.07 ± 0.05 m
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1967
Parity

99Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

100Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
99.916115443 ± 0.000005367 Da
Mass Number100
G-Factor
Half Life
2.01 ± 0.09 m
Spin5
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1970
Parity

100Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

101Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
100.912683951 ± 0.000005193 Da
Mass Number101
G-Factor
1.2486666666667 ± 0.0024444444444444
Half Life
11.1 ± 0.3 m
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.35 ± 0.05
Discovery Year1966
Parity+

101Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

102Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
101.911704538 ± 0.000008771 Da
Mass Number102
G-Factor
0.92 ± 0.14
Half Life
12.9 ± 0.3 m
Spin5
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1960
Parity+

102Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

103Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
102.908960558 ± 0.0000044 Da
Mass Number103
G-Factor
1.2645714285714 ± 0.00057142857142857
Half Life
65.7 ± 0.7 m
Spin7/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.84 ± 0.09
Discovery Year1954
Parity+

103Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

104Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
103.908623715 ± 0.000004527 Da
Mass Number104
G-Factor
0.7828 ± 0.0006
Half Life
69.2 ± 1 m
Spin5
Quadrupole Moment
1.06 ± 0.11
Discovery Year1955
Parity+

104Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

105Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
104.906525604 ± 0.000004877 Da
Mass Number105
G-Factor
0.2026 ± 0.002
Half Life
41.29 ± 0.07 d
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1939
Parity-

105Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

106Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
105.906663499 ± 0.000003237 Da
Mass Number106
G-Factor
2.8 ± 0.2
Half Life
23.96 ± 0.04 m
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1937
Parity+

106Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β (β decay)%

107Ag

Abundance
51.839 ± 0.008
Relative Atomic Mass
106.905091509 ± 0.000002556 Da
Mass Number107
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1924
Parity-

108Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
107.905950245 ± 0.000002563 Da
Mass Number108
G-Factor
2.6838 ± 0.0016
Half Life
2.382 ± 0.011 m
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1937
Parity+

108Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)97.15%
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)2.85%

109Ag

Abundance
48.161 ± 0.008
Relative Atomic Mass
108.904755778 ± 0.000001381 Da
Mass Number109
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1924
Parity-

110Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
109.906110724 ± 0.00000138 Da
Mass Number110
G-Factor
Half Life
24.56 ± 0.11 s
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
0.24 ± 0.12
Discovery Year1937
Parity+

110Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
ϵ (electron capture)0.3%

111Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
110.905296827 ± 0.000001565 Da
Mass Number111
G-Factor
-0.292 ± 0.004
Half Life
7.433 ± 0.01 d
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1937
Parity-

111Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

112Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
111.907048548 ± 0.0000026 Da
Mass Number112
G-Factor
0.02735 ± 0.00025
Half Life
3.13 ± 0.008 h
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1938
Parity-

112Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

113Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
112.906572865 ± 0.000017866 Da
Mass Number113
G-Factor
0.318 ± 0.004
Half Life
5.37 ± 0.05 h
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1949
Parity-

113Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

114Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
113.908823029 ± 0.0000049 Da
Mass Number114
G-Factor
Half Life
4.6 ± 0.1 s
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1958
Parity+

114Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

115Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
114.908767445 ± 0.000019611 Da
Mass Number115
G-Factor
Half Life
20 ± 0.5 m
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1949
Parity-

115Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

116Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
115.911386809 ± 0.0000035 Da
Mass Number116
G-Factor
0
Half Life
3.83 ± 0.08 m
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1958
Parity-

116Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

117Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
116.911774086 ± 0.00001457 Da
Mass Number117
G-Factor
Half Life
73.6 ± 1.4 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1958
Parity-

117Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

118Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
117.914595484 ± 0.0000027 Da
Mass Number118
G-Factor
Half Life
3.76 ± 0.15 s
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1967
Parity-

118Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

119Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
118.915570309 ± 0.000015783 Da
Mass Number119
G-Factor
Half Life
6 ± 0.5 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1975
Parity-

119Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

120Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
119.918784765 ± 0.0000048 Da
Mass Number120
G-Factor
Half Life
1.52 ± 0.07 s
Spin4
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1971
Parity

120Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)0.003%

121Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
120.920125279 ± 0.000013 Da
Mass Number121
G-Factor
Half Life
777 ± 10 ms
Spin7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1982
Parity+

121Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)0.08%

122Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
121.923664446 ± 0.000041 Da
Mass Number122
G-Factor
Half Life
529 ± 13 ms
Spin3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1978
Parity+

122Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)0.186%

123Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
122.92531506 ± 0.000035 Da
Mass Number123
G-Factor
Half Life
294 ± 5 ms
Spin7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1976
Parity+

123Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)0.56%

124Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
123.928899227 ± 0.00027 Da
Mass Number124
G-Factor
Half Life
177.9 ± 2.6 ms
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1984
Parity-

124Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)1.3%

125Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
124.930735 ± 0.000465 Da
Mass Number125
G-Factor
Half Life
160 ± 5 ms
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

125Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)11.8%

126Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
125.934814 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number126
G-Factor
Half Life
52 ± 10 ms
Spin3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

126Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)13.7%

127Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
126.937037 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number127
G-Factor
Half Life
89 ± 2 ms
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1995
Parity+

127Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)14.6%

128Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
127.941266 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number128
G-Factor
Half Life
60 ± 3 ms
Spin3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2000
Parity+

128Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)20%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

129Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
128.944315 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number129
G-Factor
Half Life
49.9 ± 3.5 ms
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2000
Parity+

129Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)20%

130Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
129.950727 ± 0.000455 Da
Mass Number130
G-Factor
Half Life
40.6 ± 4.5 ms
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2000
Parity-

130Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

131Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
130.956253 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number131
G-Factor
Half Life
35 ± 8 ms
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2013
Parity+

131Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)10%

132Ag

AbundanceRadioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass
131.96307 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number132
G-Factor
Half Life
30 ± 14 ms
Spin6
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2015
Parity-

132Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

133Ag

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass
132.968781 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number133
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity+

133Ag Decay Modes
Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)%
Silver crystal

History

Silver has been used for thousands of years for ornaments and utensils, for trade, and as the basis for many monetary systems. Its value as a precious metal was long considered second only to gold. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 BC. The Latin word for silver is argentum

DiscoverersKnown to the ancients.
Discovery Location
Discovery Year
Etymology (Name Origin)Anglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium.
PronunciationSIL-ver (English)
Silver is considered to be non-toxic
In ancient Egypt and Medieval Europe, silver was often more valuable than gold

Uses

Silver has long been valued as a precious metal, and is used as an investment, to make ornaments, jewelry, high-value tableware, utensils, and currency coins. It is also used in electrical contacts and conductors, in mirrors and in catalysis of chemical reactions. Its compounds are used in photographic film, and dilute silver nitrate solutions and other silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides Used in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive.

Sources

Found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
0.075 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans
0.00004 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body
Abundance in Meteor
0.000014 %
Abundance in Sun
0.0000001 %
Abundance in Universe
0.00000006 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.9577
2p4.0806
2s12.3658
3d14.4602
3p17.1914
3s16.9688
4d32.2372
4p28.4376
4s27.1352
5s40.2445