Atomic Number | 13 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 26.9815385 |
Mass Number | 27 |
Group | 13 |
---|---|
Period | 3 |
Block | p |
Protons | 13 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 14 n0 |
Electrons | 13 e- |
Atomic Radius | 125 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 10 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 126 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 125 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 39 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 53 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 184 pm
|
Density | 2.7 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.43283 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 5.9857684 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 284.1 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 10.75 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 330.9 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 3 |
Valence Electrons | 3 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p1ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 |
Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | 1.61
|
Electrophilicity Index | 0.9274010094475963 eV/particle
|
States of Matter | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 2,792.15 K
|
Melting Point | 933.473 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | 6,700.15 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Aluminum is a Silver. Al has a CPK of #808090, Jmol of #bfa6a6, and MOLCAS GV of #bfa6a6. The Appearance of Element 13 is silvery gray metallic. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery gray metallic |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 237 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000231 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 24.2 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.897 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 38 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.000000026 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 1.175 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000078 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.00000000021 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0000211
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Aluminum is FCC. The lattice constant of Al is 4.05 Å. The lattice angles of Element 13 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
Lattice Constant | 4.05 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Aluminum has a Brinell of 245 MPa, Mohs hardness of 2.75 MPa, and Vickers of 167 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Al is 76 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 13 is 26 GPa. The Young Modulus of Aluminum (Al) is 70 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Aluminum is 0.35. The Speed of Sound of Al is 5100 m/s. | |
Hardness | 2.75 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 76 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 26 GPa
|
Young's Modulus | 70 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.35
|
Speed of Sound | 5,100 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Aluminum is IIIB. The IUPAC Group of Al is IIIA. The Glawe Number of Element 13 is 78. The Mendeleev Number of Aluminum (Al) is 82. The Pettifor Number of Aluminum is 80. The Geochemical Class of Al is major. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 13 is litophile. | |
Category | Post-transition metals, Poor metals |
CAS Group | IIIB |
IUPAC Group | IIIA |
Glawe Number | 78 |
Mendeleev Number | 82 |
Pettifor Number | 80 |
Geochemical Class | major |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
The Dipole Polarizability of Aluminum is 57.8 plus or minus 1 a₀. Al has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 528 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 520 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 13 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Aluminum (Al) is 0.233. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Aluminum is 0.03. The Quantum Numbers of Al is 2P1/2. The Space Group of Element 13 is 225 (Fm_3m).
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 22 |
Natural Isotopes | 1 |
Mass Number | 21 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 8 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 22 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 9 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 91.1 ± 0.5 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 55% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 1.1% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.038% |
Mass Number | 23 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 10 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.556 ± 0.008
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 446 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 1.22% |
Mass Number | 24 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 11 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.053 ± 0.004 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.035% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.0016% |
Mass Number | 25 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 12 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.45788 ± 0.00048
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 7.1666 ± 0.0023 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.24 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 26 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 13 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.5606 ± 0.0008
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 717 ± 24 ky
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.26 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 27 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 14 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.45628 ± 0.000008
|
Abundance | 100
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1466 ± 0.001
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 28 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 15 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.0803333333333 ± 0.0016666666666667
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.245 ± 0.005 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.172 ± 0.012
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 29 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 16 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 6.56 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 30 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 17 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.004 ± 0.0023333333333333
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.62 ± 0.06 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 31 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 18 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.5328 ± 0.002
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 644 ± 25 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.134 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.6% |
Mass Number | 32 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 19 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.953 ± 0.002
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 32.6 ± 0.5 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.0255 ± 0.0003
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.7% |
Mass Number | 33 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 20 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.636 ± 0.002
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 41.46 ± 0.09 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.141 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 8.5% |
Mass Number | 34 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 21 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.53925 ± 0.004
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 53.73 ± 0.13 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 26% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 35 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 22 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 38.16 ± 0.21 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 35.8% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 36 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 23 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 90 ± 40 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 31% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 37 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 24 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 11.4 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 52% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 1% |
Mass Number | 38 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 25 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 9 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 84% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 39 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 26 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 7.6 ± 1.6 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 97% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 40 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 27 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 41 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 28 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 42 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 29 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 43 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 30 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2007 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
In 1761, Guyton de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Antoine Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. Sir Humphry Davy identified the existence of a metal base of alum in 1808. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminum in 1825 in impure form. Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827. From the Latin word alumen, alum
Discoverers | Hans Christian Oersted |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Denmark |
Discovery Year | 1825 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: alumen, aluminis, (alum). |
Pronunciation | ah-LOO-men-em (English) |
1 | s | 0.409 |
2 | p | 4.0366 |
2 | s | 4.7864 |
3 | p | 8.9344 |
3 | s | 8.8828 |