Gold (Au)

Gold is the 79th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Au and atomic number of 79. It has an atomic weight of 196.96657 and a mass number of 197. Gold has seventy-nine protons and one hundred eighteen neutrons in its nucleus, and seventy-nine electrons in six shells. It is located in group eleven, period six and block d of the periodic table. Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold, Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.

Atomic Number	79
Atomic Weight	196.966569
Mass Number	197

Group	11
Period	6
Block	d

Protons	79 p⁺
Neutrons	118 n⁰
Electrons	79 e^-

Properties

Physical Properties
Atomic Radius	135 pm 226 pm
Molar Volume	10.2 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	124 pm 121 pm 123 pm 136 pm
Metallic Radius	134 pm 144 pm
Ionic Radius	137 pm 68 pm 85 pm 57 pm
Crystal Radius	151 pm 82 pm 99 pm 71 pm
Van der Waals Radius	210 pm 214 pm 243 pm 329.3 pm
Density	19.3 g/cm³ 17,310 kg/m³
Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity	2.30863 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	9.225553 eV/particle 20.203 eV/particle 30 eV/particle 45 eV/particle 60 eV/particle 74 eV/particle 94 eV/particle 112 eV/particle 130.1 eV/particle 149 eV/particle 168.2 eV/particle 200 eV/particle 275 eV/particle 299 eV/particle 324 eV/particle 365 eV/particle 392 eV/particle 433 eV/particle 487 eV/particle 520 eV/particle 550 eV/particle 600 eV/particle 650 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 760 eV/particle 820 eV/particle 870 eV/particle 930 eV/particle 990 eV/particle 1,040 eV/particle 1,100 eV/particle 1,150 eV/particle 1,210 eV/particle 1,475 eV/particle 1,527 eV/particle 1,584 eV/particle 1,644 eV/particle 1,702 eV/particle 1,758 eV/particle 1,845 eV/particle 1,904 eV/particle 1,967 eV/particle 2,026 eV/particle 2,261 eV/particle 2,320 eV/particle 2,383 eV/particle 2,443 eV/particle 2,640 eV/particle 2,708 eV/particle 2,870 eV/particle 2,941 eV/particle 4,888 eV/particle 5,013 eV/particle 5,156 eV/particle 5,307 eV/particle 5,452 eV/particle 5,594 eV/particle 5,846 eV/particle 5,994 eV/particle 6,156 eV/particle 6,305 eV/particle 6,724 eV/particle 6,854 eV/particle 6,997 eV/particle 7,130 eV/particle 7,760 eV/particle 7,910 eV/particle 8,210 eV/particle 8,360 eV/particle 18,040 eV/particle 18,400 eV/particle 18,790 eV/particle 19,150 eV/particle 21,470 eV/particle 21,920 eV/particle 22,500 eV/particle 22,868.12 eV/particle 91,515.82 eV/particle 93,254.3 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	340 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	12.68 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	368.2 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1

Valence Electrons	1
Electron Configuration	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹

Oxidation States	-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5
Electronegativity	11.33 eV/particle 0.26137 2.4
Electrophilicity	2.404200854149471 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	3,109.15 K
Melting Point	1,337.33 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Gold is a Gold. Au has a CPK of #daa520, Jmol of #ffd123, and MOLCAS GV of #ffd123. The Appearance of Element 79 is metallic yellow.
Color	Gold #daa520 #ffd123 #ffd123
Appearance	metallic yellow
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	318 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000142 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	25.418 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.129 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	45 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.000000022 m Ω
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.00000000178 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000351 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.0000344
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Gold is FCC. The lattice constant of Au is 4.08 Å. The lattice angles of Element 79 are π/2, π/2, π/2.
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Lattice Constant	4.08 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Gold has a Brinell of 25 MPa, Mohs hardness of 2.5 MPa, and Vickers of 216 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Au is 220 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 79 is 27 GPa. The Young Modulus of Gold (Au) is 78 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Gold is 0.44. The Speed of Sound of Au is 1740 m/s.
Hardness	25 MPa 2.5 MPa 216 MPa
Bulk Modulus	220 GPa
Shear Modulus	27 GPa
Young Modulus	78 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.44
Speed of Sound	1,740 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Gold is IB. The IUPAC Group of Au is IB. The Glawe Number of Element 79 is 66. The Mendeleev Number of Gold (Au) is 73. The Pettifor Number of Gold is 70. The Geochemical Class of Au is noble metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 79 is siderophile.
Category	Transition metals, Transition metals
CAS Group	IB
IUPAC Group	IB
Glawe Number	66
Mendeleev Number	73
Pettifor Number	70
Geochemical Class	noble metal
Goldschmidt Class	siderophile
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Gold is 36 plus or minus 3 a₀. Au has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 427 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 79 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Gold (Au) is 98.7. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Gold is 0.017. The Quantum Numbers of Au is 2S1/2. The Space Group of Element 79 is 225 (Fm_3m).
Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	36 ± 3 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	427 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	98.7
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.017
Quantum Numbers	2S1/2
Space Group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Gold

Stable Isotopes	1
Unstable Isotopes	42
Radioactive Isotopes	41

¹⁶⁸Au

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	168.002716 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	168
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity

¹⁶⁸Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

¹⁶⁹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	168.99808 ± 0.00032 Da
Mass Number	169
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

¹⁶⁹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%
α (α emission)	%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁷⁰Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	169.996024 ± 0.000216 Da
Mass Number	170
G-Factor
Half Life	290 ± 50 us
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2002
Parity

¹⁷⁰Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	89%
α (α emission)	11%

¹⁷¹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	170.991881533 ± 0.000022236 Da
Mass Number	171
G-Factor
Half Life	22.3 ± 2.4 us
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

¹⁷¹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	100%
α (α emission)	%

¹⁷²Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	171.989996704 ± 0.000060287 Da
Mass Number	172
G-Factor
Half Life	28 ± 4 ms
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1993
Parity

¹⁷²Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
p (proton emission)	%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁷³Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	172.986224263 ± 0.000024458 Da
Mass Number	173
G-Factor
Half Life	25.5 ± 0.8 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1983
Parity	+

¹⁷³Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	86%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁷⁴Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	173.984908 ± 0.000109 Da
Mass Number	174
G-Factor
Half Life	139 ± 3 ms
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1983
Parity	-

¹⁷⁴Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	90%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁷⁵Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	174.981316375 ± 0.000041399 Da
Mass Number	175
G-Factor
Half Life	200 ± 3 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1975
Parity	+

¹⁷⁵Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	88%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁷⁶Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	175.980116925 ± 0.000035625 Da
Mass Number	176
G-Factor
Half Life	1.05 ± 0.01 s
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1975
Parity	-

¹⁷⁶Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	75%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁷⁷Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	176.976869701 ± 0.0000107 Da
Mass Number	177
G-Factor	2.3 ± 0.1
Half Life	1.501 ± 0.02 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1968
Parity	+

¹⁷⁷Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	40%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	60%

¹⁷⁸Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	177.976056714 ± 0.000011 Da
Mass Number	178
G-Factor
Half Life	3.4 ± 0.5 s
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1968
Parity	+

¹⁷⁸Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	84%
α (α emission)	16%

¹⁷⁹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	178.973173666 ± 0.000012555 Da
Mass Number	179
G-Factor	2.02 ± 0.1
Half Life	7.1 ± 0.3 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1968
Parity	+

¹⁷⁹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	78%
α (α emission)	22%

¹⁸⁰Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	179.972489738 ± 0.000005108 Da
Mass Number	180
G-Factor
Half Life	7.9 ± 0.3 s
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1977
Parity	+

¹⁸⁰Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	99.42%
α (α emission)	0.58%

¹⁸¹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	180.970079102 ± 0.000021445 Da
Mass Number	181
G-Factor
Half Life	13.7 ± 1.4 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1968
Parity	-

¹⁸¹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	97.3%
α (α emission)	2.7%

¹⁸²Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	181.969614433 ± 0.000020143 Da
Mass Number	182
G-Factor	0.65 ± 0.05
Half Life	15.5 ± 0.4 s
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1970
Parity	+

¹⁸²Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	0.13%

¹⁸³Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	182.967588106 ± 0.000010116 Da
Mass Number	183
G-Factor	0.784 ± 0.008
Half Life	42.8 ± 1 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1968
Parity	-

¹⁸³Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	99.45%
α (α emission)	0.55%

¹⁸⁴Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	183.967451523 ± 0.000023912 Da
Mass Number	184
G-Factor	0.412 ± 0.004
Half Life	20.6 ± 0.9 s
Spin	5
Quadrupole Moment	4.7 ± 0.3
Discovery Year	1969
Parity	+

¹⁸⁴Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	0.013%

¹⁸⁵Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	184.965798871 ± 0.0000028 Da
Mass Number	185
G-Factor	0.864 ± 0.008
Half Life	4.25 ± 0.06 m
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	-1.1 ± 0.1
Discovery Year	1960
Parity	-

¹⁸⁵Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	99.74%
α (α emission)	0.26%

¹⁸⁶Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	185.965952703 ± 0.000022509 Da
Mass Number	186
G-Factor	-0.42 ± 0.01
Half Life	10.7 ± 0.5 m
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment	3.1 ± 0.06
Discovery Year	1960
Parity	-

¹⁸⁶Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	0.0008%

¹⁸⁷Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	186.964542147 ± 0.000024153 Da
Mass Number	187
G-Factor	1.066 ± 0.03
Half Life	8.3 ± 0.2 m
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	+

¹⁸⁷Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	%

¹⁸⁸Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	187.965247966 ± 0.0000029 Da
Mass Number	188
G-Factor	-0.07 ± 0.03
Half Life	8.84 ± 0.06 m
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	-

¹⁸⁸Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁸⁹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	188.963948286 ± 0.000021558 Da
Mass Number	189
G-Factor	0.984 ± 0.028
Half Life	28.7 ± 0.4 m
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	+

¹⁸⁹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	3%

¹⁹⁰Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	189.964751746 ± 0.0000037 Da
Mass Number	190
G-Factor	-0.065 ± 0.007
Half Life	42.8 ± 1 m
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1959
Parity	-

¹⁹⁰Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	1%

¹⁹¹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	190.963716452 ± 0.000005288 Da
Mass Number	191
G-Factor	0.090933333333333 ± 0.0006
Half Life	3.18 ± 0.08 h
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.72 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1954
Parity	+

¹⁹¹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹²Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	191.964817615 ± 0.000016991 Da
Mass Number	192
G-Factor	-0.0107 ± 0.0015
Half Life	4.94 ± 0.09 h
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment	-0.228 ± 0.008
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	-

¹⁹²Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹³Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	192.964138442 ± 0.000009311 Da
Mass Number	193
G-Factor	0.092733333333333 ± 0.00033333333333333
Half Life	17.65 ± 0.15 h
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.66 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

¹⁹³Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	%

¹⁹⁴Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	193.965419051 ± 0.000002273 Da
Mass Number	194
G-Factor	0.076 ± 0.0013
Half Life	38.02 ± 0.1 h
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment	-0.24 ± 0.009
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	-

¹⁹⁴Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹⁵Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	194.965037823 ± 0.000001201 Da
Mass Number	195
G-Factor	0.098733333333333 ± 0.0004
Half Life	186.01 ± 0.06 d
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.607 ± 0.018
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

¹⁹⁵Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

¹⁹⁶Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	195.966571213 ± 0.000003179 Da
Mass Number	196
G-Factor	0.29415 ± 0.00025
Half Life	6.165 ± 0.011 d
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment	0.81 ± 0.07
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	-

¹⁹⁶Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	93%
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	7%

¹⁹⁷Au

Abundance	100
Relative Atomic Mass	196.966570103 ± 0.000000581 Da
Mass Number	197
G-Factor	0.0968 ± 0.00013333333333333
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.547 ± 0.016
Discovery Year	1935
Parity	+

¹⁹⁸Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	197.968243714 ± 0.000000579 Da
Mass Number	198
G-Factor	0.29555 ± 0.0004
Half Life	2.69464 ± 0.00014 d
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment	0.64 ± 0.019
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	-

¹⁹⁸Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁹⁹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	198.968766573 ± 0.000000581 Da
Mass Number	199
G-Factor	0.18033333333333 ± 0.00053333333333333
Half Life	3.139 ± 0.007 d
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.51 ± 0.016
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	+

¹⁹⁹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²⁰⁰Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	199.970756558 ± 0.000028681 Da
Mass Number	200
G-Factor
Half Life	48.4 ± 0.3 m
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1951
Parity	-

²⁰⁰Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²⁰¹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	200.971657678 ± 0.000003455 Da
Mass Number	201
G-Factor
Half Life	26 ± 0.8 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1952
Parity	+

²⁰¹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²⁰²Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	201.973856 ± 0.000025 Da
Mass Number	202
G-Factor
Half Life	28.4 ± 1.2 s
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1967
Parity	-

²⁰²Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²⁰³Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	202.975154492 ± 0.000003309 Da
Mass Number	203
G-Factor
Half Life	60 ± 6 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1952
Parity	+

²⁰³Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²⁰⁴Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	203.97811 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	204
G-Factor
Half Life	38.3 ± 1.3 s
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

²⁰⁴Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²⁰⁵Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	204.980064 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	205
G-Factor
Half Life	32 ± 1.4 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

²⁰⁵Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²⁰⁶Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	205.984766 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	206
G-Factor
Half Life	47 ± 11 s
Spin	6
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2009
Parity	+

²⁰⁶Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²⁰⁷Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	206.988577 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	207
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

²⁰⁷Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

²⁰⁸Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	207.993655 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	208
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	6
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

²⁰⁸Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

²⁰⁹Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	208.997606 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	209
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

²⁰⁹Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

²¹⁰Au

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	210.002877 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	210
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	6
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

²¹⁰Au Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

History

Gold has been known since prehistoric times and was the first metal used by humans. Gold artifacts dated to 5000 years ago have been found in Egyptian tombs. Gold of 98% purity has been found in Nahal Qunah in the ancient kingdom of Israel, dating from about 6000 years ago. From the Latin word aurum meaning gold

Discoverers	Known to the ancients.
Discovery Location
Discovery Year
Etymology (Name Origin)	Anglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn).
Pronunciation	GOLD (English)

Gold is considered to be non-toxic

India is the world's largest single consumer of gold

Uses

Gold is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems in many countries. It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating. Gold is used widely in microelectronic circuits to ensure reliable, corrosion-resistant and static-free performance. Gold leaf, flake or dust is used in some gourmet foods as decorative ingredient. Very malleable. Used in electronics, jewelry and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight.

Sources

Found in veins in the crust, with cooper ore and native .

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	0.004 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.000004 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body	0.00001 %
Abundance in Meteor	0.000017 %
Abundance in Sun	0.0000001 %
Abundance in Universe	0.00000006 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	1.5239
2	p	4.4868
2	s	20.6302
3	d	13.4917
3	p	22.297
3	s	23.2372
4	d	37.472
4	f	38.3504
4	p	35.4532
4	s	34.5868
5	d	58.8735
5	p	53.83
5	s	51.6725
6	s	68.062

Gold on ChemicalAid

ABC News topic ID	gold
AGROVOC ID	c_33067
ASC Leiden Thesaurus ID	294913858
Armeniapedia ID	13282
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300011021
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3525
BNCF Thesaurus ID	7196
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX526003
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	133184606
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	gold-20
CAB ID	169824
CAS Registry Number	7440-57-5
Canadian Encyclopedia article ID	gold
ChEBI ID	30050
ChemSpider ID	22421
CosIng number	32827
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID0047662
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID3064697
Den Store Danske ID	guld
DrugBank ID	14154
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.332
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/gold-chemical-element
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	or
English Vikidia ID	Gold
E number	E175
EuroVoc ID	2156
Europeana Fashion Vocabulary ID	10546
Freebase ID	/m/025rs2z
French Vikidia ID	Or
GND ID	4157819-3
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0006022
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	3467786
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	1995070
Grove Art Online ID	T033043
HSDB ID	2125
InChI	InChI=1S/Au
InChIKey	PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Italian Vikidia ID	Oro
KBpedia ID	Gold
Klexikon article ID	Gold
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/ZOLOTO.html
Language of Bindings ID	2414
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85055692
MeSH descriptor ID	D006046
Mindat mineral ID	1720
Mindat mineral ID	36380
Mindat mineral ID	36423
Mindat mineral ID	36372
Mindat mineral ID	36399
Mindat mineral ID	36376
Mindat mineral ID	36377
Mindat mineral ID	36394
Mindat mineral ID	36390
Mindat mineral ID	36418
Mindat mineral ID	36419
Mindat mineral ID	36413
Mindat mineral ID	36417
Mindat mineral ID	36392
NALT ID	43373
NDF-RT ID	N0000022608
NDL Authority ID	00565802
NE.se ID	guld
NKCR AUT ID	ph116778
National Historical Museums of Sweden ID	term/2D747C9D-68F2-4B91-AA7E-05D4A11B0276
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007533656105171
New York Times topic ID	subject/gold
Nomisma ID	av
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	5912
Online PWN Encyclopedia ID	4001784
OpenAlex ID	C2910496842
Open Food Facts food additive ID	e175-gold
PACTOLS thesaurus ID	pcrtuihSl3eSnW
PSH ID	5787
Probes And Drugs ID	PD073654
PubChem CID	23985
Quora topic ID	Gold
RKD thesaurus ID	65616
RxNorm ID	1311190
Römpp online ID	RD-07-01627
STW Thesaurus for Economics ID	14298-0
Spanish Cultural Heritage thesauri ID	materias/1181264
Spanish Vikidia ID	Oro
Store norske leksikon ID	gull
Treccani ID	oro
Twitter topic ID	1306652771991478273
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/2556
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	10497
UMLS CUI	C0018026
UNESCO Thesaurus ID	concept11561
UNII	79Y1949PYO
USGS Thesaurus ID	1464
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Mineral", "Gold"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662977-n
YSO ID	19016
ZVG number	8480
Zhihu topic ID	19962701

Gold (Au)

Properties

Isotopes of Gold

168Au

168Au Decay Modes

169Au

169Au Decay Modes

170Au

170Au Decay Modes

171Au

171Au Decay Modes

172Au

172Au Decay Modes

173Au

173Au Decay Modes

174Au

174Au Decay Modes

175Au

175Au Decay Modes

176Au

176Au Decay Modes

177Au

177Au Decay Modes

178Au

178Au Decay Modes

179Au

179Au Decay Modes

180Au

180Au Decay Modes

181Au

181Au Decay Modes

182Au

182Au Decay Modes

183Au

183Au Decay Modes

184Au

184Au Decay Modes

185Au

185Au Decay Modes

186Au

186Au Decay Modes

187Au

187Au Decay Modes

188Au

188Au Decay Modes

189Au

189Au Decay Modes

190Au

190Au Decay Modes

191Au

191Au Decay Modes

192Au

192Au Decay Modes

193Au

193Au Decay Modes

194Au

194Au Decay Modes

195Au

195Au Decay Modes

196Au

196Au Decay Modes

197Au

198Au

198Au Decay Modes

199Au

199Au Decay Modes

200Au

200Au Decay Modes

201Au

201Au Decay Modes

202Au

202Au Decay Modes

203Au

203Au Decay Modes

204Au

204Au Decay Modes

205Au

205Au Decay Modes

206Au

206Au Decay Modes