Atomic Number | 79 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 196.966569 |
Mass Number | 197 |
Group | 11 |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | d |
Protons | 79 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 118 n0 |
Electrons | 79 e- |
Atomic Radius | 135 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 10.2 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 124 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 134 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 137 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 151 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 214 pm
|
Density | 19.3 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 2.30863 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 9.225553 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 340 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 12.68 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 368.2 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 1 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 |
Oxidation States | -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 |
Electronegativity | 2.4
|
Electrophilicity | 2.404200854149471 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,109.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,337.33 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Gold
|
Appearance | metallic yellow |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 318 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000142 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.418 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.129 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 45 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.000000022 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.00000000178 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000351 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000344
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
Lattice Constant | 4.08 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 2.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 220 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 27 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 78 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.44
|
Speed of Sound | 1,740 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IB |
IUPAC Group | IB |
Glawe Number | 66 |
Mendeleev Number | 73 |
Pettifor Number | 70 |
Geochemical Class | noble metal |
Goldschmidt Class | siderophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 98.7
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.017
|
Quantum Numbers | 2S1/2 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 42 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 41 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
α (α emission) | % |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 290 ± 50 us
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2002 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 89% |
α (α emission) | 11% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 171 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 22.3 ± 2.4 us
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 172 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 28 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1993 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
p (proton emission) | % |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 173 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 25.5 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 86% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 174 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 139 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 90% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 175 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 200 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 88% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 176 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.05 ± 0.01 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 75% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 177 |
G-Factor | 2.3 ± 0.1
|
Half Life | 1.501 ± 0.02 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 40% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 60% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 178 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.4 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 84% |
α (α emission) | 16% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 179 |
G-Factor | 2.02 ± 0.1
|
Half Life | 7.1 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 78% |
α (α emission) | 22% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 180 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 7.9 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.42% |
α (α emission) | 0.58% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 181 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 13.7 ± 1.4 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 97.3% |
α (α emission) | 2.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 182 |
G-Factor | 0.65 ± 0.05
|
Half Life | 15.5 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.13% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 183 |
G-Factor | 0.784 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 42.8 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.45% |
α (α emission) | 0.55% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 184 |
G-Factor | 0.412 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 20.6 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 4.7 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.013% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 185 |
G-Factor | 0.864 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 4.25 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -1.1 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.74% |
α (α emission) | 0.26% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 186 |
G-Factor | -0.42 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 10.7 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 3.1 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.0008% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 187 |
G-Factor | 1.066 ± 0.03
|
Half Life | 8.3 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 188 |
G-Factor | -0.07 ± 0.03
|
Half Life | 8.84 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 189 |
G-Factor | 0.984 ± 0.028
|
Half Life | 28.7 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 190 |
G-Factor | -0.065 ± 0.007
|
Half Life | 42.8 ± 1 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 191 |
G-Factor | 0.090933333333333 ± 0.0006
|
Half Life | 3.18 ± 0.08 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.72 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 192 |
G-Factor | -0.0107 ± 0.0015
|
Half Life | 4.94 ± 0.09 h
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.228 ± 0.008
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 193 |
G-Factor | 0.092733333333333 ± 0.00033333333333333
|
Half Life | 17.65 ± 0.15 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.66 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 194 |
G-Factor | 0.076 ± 0.0013
|
Half Life | 38.02 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.24 ± 0.009
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 195 |
G-Factor | 0.098733333333333 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 186.01 ± 0.06 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.607 ± 0.018
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 196 |
G-Factor | 0.29415 ± 0.00025
|
Half Life | 6.165 ± 0.011 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.81 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 93% |
β− (β− decay) | 7% |
Abundance | 100
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 197 |
G-Factor | 0.0968 ± 0.00013333333333333
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.547 ± 0.016
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 198 |
G-Factor | 0.29555 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 2.69464 ± 0.00014 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.64 ± 0.019
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 199 |
G-Factor | 0.18033333333333 ± 0.00053333333333333
|
Half Life | 3.139 ± 0.007 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.51 ± 0.016
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 200 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 48.4 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 201 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 26 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 202 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 28.4 ± 1.2 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 203 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 60 ± 6 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 204 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 38.3 ± 1.3 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 205 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 32 ± 1.4 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 206 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 47 ± 11 s
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 207 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 208 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 209 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 210 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Gold has been known since prehistoric times and was the first metal used by humans. Gold artifacts dated to 5000 years ago have been found in Egyptian tombs. Gold of 98% purity has been found in Nahal Qunah in the ancient kingdom of Israel, dating from about 6000 years ago. From the Latin word aurum meaning gold
Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
---|---|
Discovery Location | |
Discovery Year | |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Anglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn). |
Pronunciation | GOLD (English) |
1 | s | 1.5239 |
2 | p | 4.4868 |
2 | s | 20.6302 |
3 | d | 13.4917 |
3 | p | 22.297 |
3 | s | 23.2372 |
4 | d | 37.472 |
4 | f | 38.3504 |
4 | p | 35.4532 |
4 | s | 34.5868 |
5 | d | 58.8735 |
5 | p | 53.83 |
5 | s | 51.6725 |
6 | s | 68.062 |