Gadolinium (Gd)

Gadolinium is the 64th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Gd and atomic number of 64. It has an atomic weight of 157.25 and a mass number of 158. Gadolinium has sixty-four protons and ninety-four neutrons in its nucleus, and sixty-four electrons in six shells. It is located in group Lanthanides, period six and block f of the periodic table. Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to eleven artificial isotopes. Gd-155 and Gd-157 and the best neutron absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880.

Atomic Number	64
Atomic Weight	157.25
Mass Number	158

Group
Period	6
Block	f

Protons	64 p⁺
Neutrons	94 n⁰
Electrons	64 e^-

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius	180 pm 277 pm
Molar Volume	19.9 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	169 pm 135 pm 132 pm 196 pm
Metallic Radius
Ionic Radius	93.8 pm 100 pm 105.3 pm 110.7 pm
Crystal Radius	107.8 pm 114 pm 119.3 pm 124.7 pm
Van der Waals Radius	234 pm 271 pm 336.8 pm
Density	7.9 g/cm³ 7,400 kg/m³

Chemical Properties

Energy

Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy	6.149796 eV/particle 12.09 eV/particle 20.63 eV/particle 44 eV/particle 64.76 eV/particle 89 eV/particle 106 eV/particle 123 eV/particle 144 eV/particle 165 eV/particle 183 eV/particle 213 eV/particle 246 eV/particle 268 eV/particle 288 eV/particle 319 eV/particle 352 eV/particle 380 eV/particle 565 eV/particle 601 eV/particle 639 eV/particle 680 eV/particle 719 eV/particle 761 eV/particle 810 eV/particle 851 eV/particle 895 eV/particle 937 eV/particle 1,100 eV/particle 1,142 eV/particle 1,189 eV/particle 1,233 eV/particle 1,321 eV/particle 1,368 eV/particle 1,481 eV/particle 1,532.35 eV/particle 2,621 eV/particle 2,720 eV/particle 2,827 eV/particle 2,941 eV/particle 3,050 eV/particle 3,160 eV/particle 3,312 eV/particle 3,424 eV/particle 3,550 eV/particle 3,660 eV/particle 3,980 eV/particle 4,080 eV/particle 4,191 eV/particle 4,294 eV/particle 4,578 eV/particle 4,693 eV/particle 4,914 eV/particle 5,025 eV/particle 11,273 eV/particle 11,552 eV/particle 11,861 eV/particle 12,147 eV/particle 13,183 eV/particle 13,521 eV/particle 13,943 eV/particle 14,224.57 eV/particle 57,783.9 eV/particle 59,065.52 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	398 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Formation	397.5 kJ/mol
Electrons

Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2

Valence Electrons	2 ⓘ

Electron Configuration	[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²

Oxidation States	0, 1, 2, 3
Electronegativity	0.1944 1.2
Electrophilicity Index
States of Matter

Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	3,546.15 K
Melting Point	1,586.15 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Gadolinium is a Silver. Gd has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #45ffc7, and MOLCAS GV of #45ffc7. The Appearance of Element 64 is silvery white.
Color	Silver #ff1493 #45ffc7 #45ffc7
Appearance	silvery white
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion	0.0000094 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	37.03 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.236 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	0.77 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.0000013 Ω*m
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Type	ferromagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point	292 K
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Gadolinium is HEX. The lattice constant of Gd is 3.64 Å. The lattice angles of Element 64 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant	3.64 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties
Gadolinium has a Vickers of 570 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Gd is 38 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 64 is 22 GPa. The Young Modulus of Gadolinium (Gd) is 55 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Gadolinium is 0.26. The Speed of Sound of Gd is 2680 m/s.
Hardness	570 MPa
Bulk Modulus	38 GPa
Shear Modulus	22 GPa
Young's Modulus	55 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.26
Speed of Sound	2,680 m/s
Classification
The Glawe Number of Gadolinium is 26. The Mendeleev Number of Gd is 27. The Pettifor Number of Element 64 is 27. The Geochemical Class of Gadolinium (Gd) is rare earth & related. The Goldschmidt Class of Gadolinium is litophile.
Category	Lanthanides, Lanthanides
CAS Group
IUPAC Group
Glawe Number	26
Mendeleev Number	27
Pettifor Number	27
Geochemical Class	rare earth & related
Goldschmidt Class	litophile

Other

The Dipole Polarizability of Gadolinium is 158 plus or minus 20 a₀. Gd has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 2340 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 64 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Gadolinium (Gd) is 49000. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Gadolinium is 7.3. The Quantum Numbers of Gd is 9D2. The Space Group of Element 64 is 194 (P63/mmc).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	158 ± 20 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	2,340 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	49,000
Neutron Mass Absorption	7.3
Quantum Numbers	9D2
Space Group	194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Gadolinium

Stable Isotopes	5
Unstable Isotopes	35
Natural Isotopes	7

¹³³Gd

Mass Number	133
Neutron Number	69
Relative Atomic Mass	132.961288 ± 0.000537 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹³⁴Gd

Mass Number	134
Neutron Number	70
Relative Atomic Mass	133.955416 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹³⁵Gd

Mass Number	135
Neutron Number	71
Relative Atomic Mass	134.952496 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.1 ± 0.2 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1996
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	2%

¹³⁶Gd

Mass Number	136
Neutron Number	72
Relative Atomic Mass	135.9473 ± 0.00032 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2000
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹³⁷Gd

Mass Number	137
Neutron Number	73
Relative Atomic Mass	136.94502 ± 0.00032 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	2.2 ± 0.2 s
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1999
Parity

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹³⁸Gd

Mass Number	138
Neutron Number	74
Relative Atomic Mass	137.940247 ± 0.000215 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	4.7 ± 0.9 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1985
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹³⁹Gd

Mass Number	139
Neutron Number	75
Relative Atomic Mass	138.93813 ± 0.00021 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	5.7 ± 0.3 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1983
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹⁴⁰Gd

Mass Number	140
Neutron Number	76
Relative Atomic Mass	139.933674 ± 0.00003 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	15.8 ± 0.4 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1985
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
e⁺ (positron emission)	67%
ϵ (electron capture)	33%

¹⁴¹Gd

Mass Number	141
Neutron Number	77
Relative Atomic Mass	140.932126 ± 0.000021213 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	14 ± 4 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1986
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.03%

¹⁴²Gd

Mass Number	142
Neutron Number	78
Relative Atomic Mass	141.928116 ± 0.00003 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	70.2 ± 0.6 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1986
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)	52%
e⁺ (positron emission)	48%

¹⁴³Gd

Mass Number	143
Neutron Number	79
Relative Atomic Mass	142.926750678 ± 0.000215032 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	39 ± 2 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1975
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)
β⁺α (β⁺-delayed α emission)

¹⁴⁴Gd

Mass Number	144
Neutron Number	80
Relative Atomic Mass	143.922963 ± 0.00003 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	4.47 ± 0.06 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1968
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁴⁵Gd

Mass Number	145
Neutron Number	81
Relative Atomic Mass	144.921710051 ± 0.000021165 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	23 ± 0.4 m
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1959
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁴⁶Gd

Mass Number	146
Neutron Number	82
Relative Atomic Mass	145.918318513 ± 0.000004376 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	48.27 ± 0.09 d
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1957
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

¹⁴⁷Gd

Mass Number	147
Neutron Number	83
Relative Atomic Mass	146.919101014 ± 0.000002025 Da
G-Factor	0.29142857142857 ± 0.025714285714286
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	38.06 ± 0.12 h
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1957
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁴⁸Gd

Mass Number	148
Neutron Number	84
Relative Atomic Mass	147.918121414 ± 0.000001566 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	71.3 ± 1 y
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1953
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

¹⁴⁹Gd

Mass Number	149
Neutron Number	85
Relative Atomic Mass	148.919347666 ± 0.000003553 Da
G-Factor	0.25142857142857 ± 0.011428571428571
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	9.28 ± 0.1 d
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1951
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	4.3%

¹⁵⁰Gd

Mass Number	150
Neutron Number	86
Relative Atomic Mass	149.918663949 ± 0.0000065 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.79 ± 0.08 My
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1953
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

¹⁵¹Gd

Mass Number	151
Neutron Number	87
Relative Atomic Mass	150.920354922 ± 0.000003212 Da
G-Factor	0.22 ± 0.017142857142857
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	123.9 ± 1 d
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%
α (α emission)	1.1%

¹⁵²Gd

Mass Number	152
Neutron Number	88
Relative Atomic Mass	151.919798414 ± 0.000001081 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	0.2 ± 0.03
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	108 ± 8 Ty
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1938
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

¹⁵³Gd

Mass Number	153
Neutron Number	89
Relative Atomic Mass	152.921756945 ± 0.000001075 Da
G-Factor	0.25333333333333 ± 0.053333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	240.6 ± 0.7 d
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1947
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

¹⁵⁴Gd

Mass Number	154
Neutron Number	90
Relative Atomic Mass	153.920872974 ± 0.000001066 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	2.18 ± 0.02
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1938
Parity	+

¹⁵⁵Gd

Mass Number	155
Neutron Number	91
Relative Atomic Mass	154.922629356 ± 0.000001055 Da
G-Factor	-0.17273333333333 ± 0.00026666666666667
Abundance	14.8 ± 0.09
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	1.27 ± 0.03
Discovery Year	1933
Parity	-

¹⁵⁶Gd

Mass Number	156
Neutron Number	92
Relative Atomic Mass	155.92213012 ± 0.000001054 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	20.47 ± 0.03
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1933
Parity	+

¹⁵⁷Gd

Mass Number	157
Neutron Number	93
Relative Atomic Mass	156.923967424 ± 0.000001048 Da
G-Factor	-0.22653333333333 ± 0.0004
Abundance	15.65 ± 0.04
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	1.35 ± 0.03
Discovery Year	1933
Parity	-

¹⁵⁸Gd

Mass Number	158
Neutron Number	94
Relative Atomic Mass	157.9241112 ± 0.000001048 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	24.84 ± 0.08
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1933
Parity	+

¹⁵⁹Gd

Mass Number	159
Neutron Number	95
Relative Atomic Mass	158.926395822 ± 0.000001051 Da
G-Factor	-0.29333333333333 ± 0.02
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	18.479 ± 0.004 h
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1949
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁰Gd

Mass Number	160
Neutron Number	96
Relative Atomic Mass	159.927061202 ± 0.000001206 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	21.86 ± 0.03
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1933
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)

¹⁶¹Gd

Mass Number	161
Neutron Number	97
Relative Atomic Mass	160.929676267 ± 0.000001614 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	3.646 ± 0.003 m
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1949
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶²Gd

Mass Number	162
Neutron Number	98
Relative Atomic Mass	161.930991812 ± 0.000004254 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	8.4 ± 0.2 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1967
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶³Gd

Mass Number	163
Neutron Number	99
Relative Atomic Mass	162.93409664 ± 0.000000855 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	68 ± 3 s
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1982
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁴Gd

Mass Number	164
Neutron Number	100
Relative Atomic Mass	163.935916193 ± 0.000001073 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	45 ± 3 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1988
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁵Gd

Mass Number	165
Neutron Number	101
Relative Atomic Mass	164.93931708 ± 0.0000014 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	11.6 ± 1 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1998
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁶Gd

Mass Number	166
Neutron Number	102
Relative Atomic Mass	165.941630413 ± 0.0000017 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	5.1 ± 0.8 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2005
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁷Gd

Mass Number	167
Neutron Number	103
Relative Atomic Mass	166.945490012 ± 0.000005596 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	4.2 ± 0.3 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2012
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁸Gd

Mass Number	168
Neutron Number	104
Relative Atomic Mass	167.948309 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	3.03 ± 0.16 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1985
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁹Gd

Mass Number	169
Neutron Number	105
Relative Atomic Mass	168.952882 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	750 ± 210 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2012
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹⁷⁰Gd

Mass Number	170
Neutron Number	106
Relative Atomic Mass	169.956146 ± 0.000537 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	420 ± 130 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2012
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹⁷¹Gd

Mass Number	171
Neutron Number	107
Relative Atomic Mass	170.961127 ± 0.000537 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2018
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹⁷²Gd

Mass Number	172
Neutron Number	108
Relative Atomic Mass	171.964605 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2018
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

History

Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac who separated its oxide. He observed spectroscopic lines due to gadolinium in samples of gadolinite and in the separate mineral cerite. The metal was isolated by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. From gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist

Discoverers	Jean de Marignac
Discovery Location	Switzerland
Discovery Year	1880
Etymology (Name Origin)	Named after the mineral gadolinite.
Pronunciation	GAD-eh-LIN-i-em (English)

Gadolinium is considered to be moderately toxic

Gadolinium has the highest neutron cross-section among any stable nuclides

Uses

Gadolinium is used to make gadolinium yttrium garnets which have microwave applications. It is also used in intravenous radiocontrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gadolinium compounds are used for making green phosphors for color TV tubes, and in manufacturing compact discs. Used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components.

Sources

Found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	6.2 mg/kg
Natural Abundance (Oceans)	0.0000007 mg/L
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
Natural Abundance (Meteor)	0.000023 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)	0.0000002 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0000002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	1.2565
2	p	4.2946
2	s	16.783
3	d	13.723
3	p	19.8508
3	s	20.2903
4	d	34.3664
4	f	38.9864
4	p	31.3532
4	s	30.556
5	p	47.236
5	s	45.118
6	s	55.7854

Also Known As

Gd
element 64
64Gd
Gad
gadolininum
gadolinum

Translations

Frenchgadolinium
Italiangadolinio
GermanGadolinium
Amharicጋዶሊኒየም
Arabicغادولينيوم
AzerbaijaniQadolinium
BelarusianГадаліній
Bulgarianгадолиний
Banglaগ্যাডালিনিয়াম
Bosniangadolinij
Catalangadolini
CorsicanGadoliniu
Czechgadolinium
ChuvashГадолини
WelshGadoliniwm
Danishgadolinium
Greekγαδολίνιο
Esperantogadolinio
Spanishgadolinio
Estoniangadoliinium
Basquegadolinio
ExtremaduranGadolíniu
Persianگادولینیم
Finnishgadolinium
FriulianGadolini
Irishgadailiniam
Galiciangadolinio
ManxGadolinnium
Hakka Chinesegadolinium
Hebrewגדוליניום
Hindiगैडोलिनियम
Fiji HindiGadolinium
Croatiangadolinij
Haitian CreoleGadolinyòm
Hungariangadolínium
Armenianգադոլինիում
Interlinguagadolinium
Indonesiangadolinium
Idogadolinio
Japaneseガドリニウム
Lojbanjinmrgadolini
JavaneseGadolinium
Georgianგადოლინიუმი
KazakhГадолиний
Korean가돌리늄
KomiГадолиний
Latingadolinium
LuxembourgishGadolinium
LigurianGadolinio
Lithuaniangadolinis
Latviangadolīnijs
Malayalamഗാഡോലിനിയം
Marathiगॅडोलिनियम
Western MariГадолиний
MalayGadolinium
Burmeseဂါဒိုလီနီယမ်
Dutchgadolinium
Norwegian Nynorskgadolinium
Polishgadolin
Western Panjabiگاڈولینیم
Portuguesegadolínio
QuechuaGadolinyu
Romaniangadoliniu
Russianгадолиний
YakutГадолиниум
Siciliangaduliniu
Serbo-CroatianGadolinijum
Slovakgadolínium
Sloveniangadolinij
Albaniangadolini
Serbianгадолинијум
Saterland FrisianGadolinium
Swedishgadolinium
Tamilகடோலினியம்
Thaiแกโดลิเนียม
Turkishgadolinyum
Uyghurگادولنىي
Ukrainianгадоліній
Urduگیڈولنیئم
VepsGadolinii
Vietnamesegadolini
Waraygadolinyo
KalmykГадолиниум
YorubaGadolinium
Chinese钆
Norwegian Bokmålgadolinium
Bretongadoliniom
CebuanoGadolinyo
MacedonianГодолиниум
Central Kurdishگادۆلینیۆم
Odiaଗ୍ୟାଡ଼ୋଲିନିଅମ
Gujaratiગેડોલિનીયમ
Occitangadolini
Tatarгадолиний
UzbekGadoliniy
PiedmonteseGadolini
Cantonese釓
Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)Гадалін
Newariग्याडोलिनियम
AromanianGadoliniu
TajikГадолиний
KyrgyzГадолиний
LimburgishGadolinium
Sanskritग्याडोलिनियम
Maltesegadolinju
Scottish GaelicGadolinium
Nepaliग्याडोलिनियम
Paliग्याडोलिनियम
Teluguగాడోలీనియం
cdoGadolinium
Min Nan ChineseGadolinium
AsturianGadoliniu
Bhojpuriगैडोलिनियम
Portuguese (Brazil)gadolínio
Lingua Franca Novagadolinio
TagalogGadolinyo
Literary Chinese釓
AfrikaansGadolinium
kbpKatɔlɩnɩyɔm
oloGadoliinii
Mongolianгадолини
Northern FrisianGadoliinium
Chinese (Traditional)釓
Chinese (Taiwan)釓
Kannadaಗ್ಯಾಡೊಲಿನಿಯಮ್
Wu Chinese钆
SardinianGadolìniu
English (United Kingdom)gadolinium
SwahiliGadolini
Moroccan Arabicݣادولينيوم
BashkirГадолиний
Egyptian Arabicجادولينيوم
Pashtoگاډولينيوم
CornishGadoliniom
BalineseGadolinium
Punjabiਗੈਡੋਲੀਨੀਅਮ

Gadolinium on ChemicalAid

Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3522
CAS Registry Number	7440-54-2
ChEBI ID	33375
ChemSpider ID	22418
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID3017234
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID5037234
Den Store Danske ID	gadolinium
DrugBank ID	12091
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.329
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024379
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/gadolinium
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	gadolinium
Freebase ID	/m/025rs3m
GND ID	4155786-4
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0110874
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2339174
HSDB ID	7536
InChI	InChI=1S/Gd
InChIKey	UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Gadolinium
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85052688
MeSH descriptor ID	D005682
Namuwiki ID	가돌리늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007555550305171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	156576
OpenAlex ID	C557651011
PDB ligand ID	GD
PDB structure ID	1H87
PDB structure ID	3CQR
PDB structure ID	5FIS
PDB structure ID	4TWS
PDB structure ID	3ATB
PDB structure ID	3ZXS
PDB structure ID	3ATD
PDB structure ID	4AHY
PDB structure ID	4AHX
PDB structure ID	4AHZ
PDB structure ID	5F6T
PDB structure ID	4AHW
PDB structure ID	4DW0
PDB structure ID	5C6I
PDB structure ID	3ZTY
PDB structure ID	2HHM
PDB structure ID	5C6J
PDB structure ID	4AI2
PDB structure ID	4AI3
PDB structure ID	4AI0
PDB structure ID	4AI1
PDB structure ID	5KLF
PDB structure ID	4PHB
PDB structure ID	4L12
PDB structure ID	3H9V
PDB structure ID	3VDZ
PDB structure ID	4N5R
PDB structure ID	1IMA
PDB structure ID	1IMB
PDB structure ID	2YEU
PDB structure ID	2TRC
PDB structure ID	4D1O
PDB structure ID	1V8M
PDB structure ID	1ISR
PDB structure ID	5IWT
PDB structure ID	1B9Y
PDB structure ID	2P80
PDB structure ID	3AKC
PDB structure ID	4D1P
PDB structure ID	1B9X
PDB structure ID	3VX0
PDB structure ID	4X8I
PDB structure ID	5C6L
Probes And Drugs ID	PD058685
PubChem CID	23982
Quora topic ID	Gadolinium
RxNorm ID	1310171
Römpp online ID	RD-07-00021
Store norske leksikon ID	gadolinium
Treccani ID	gadolinio
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	443891
UNII	AU0V1LM3JT
USGS Thesaurus ID	1459
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662219-n
ZVG number	7640

Gadolinium (Gd)

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Other

Isotopes of Gadolinium

133Gd

134Gd

135Gd

136Gd

137Gd

138Gd

139Gd

140Gd

141Gd

142Gd

143Gd

144Gd

145Gd

146Gd

147Gd

148Gd

149Gd

150Gd

151Gd

152Gd

153Gd

154Gd

155Gd

156Gd

157Gd

158Gd

159Gd

160Gd

161Gd

162Gd

163Gd

164Gd

165Gd

166Gd

167Gd

168Gd

169Gd

170Gd

171Gd

172Gd