Atomic Number | 64 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 157.25 |
Mass Number | 158 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 64 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 94 n0 |
Electrons | 64 e- |
Atomic Radius | 180 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 19.9 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 169 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 93.8 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 107.8 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
234 pm
|
Density | 7.9 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | 6.149796 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 398 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | 397.5 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity |
1.2
|
Electrophilicity | |
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,546.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,586.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000094 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 37.03 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.236 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.77 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000013 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | ferromagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | 292 K
|
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.64 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 38 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 22 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 55 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.26
|
Speed of Sound | 2,680 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 26 |
Mendeleev Number | 27 |
Pettifor Number | 27 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 49,000
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 7.3
|
Quantum Numbers | 9D2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 7 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 33 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 34 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 133 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 134 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 135 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.1 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 136 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2000 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 137 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 138 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.7 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 139 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.7 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 140 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 15.8 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 67% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 33% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 141 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 14 ± 4 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.03% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 142 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 70.2 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 52% |
e+ (positron emission) | 48% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 143 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 39 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 144 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.47 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 145 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 23 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 146 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 48.27 ± 0.09 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 147 |
G-Factor | 0.29142857142857 ± 0.025714285714286
|
Half Life | 38.06 ± 0.12 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 148 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 71.3 ± 1 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 149 |
G-Factor | 0.25142857142857 ± 0.011428571428571
|
Half Life | 9.28 ± 0.1 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 4.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 150 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.79 ± 0.08 My
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 151 |
G-Factor | 0.22 ± 0.017142857142857
|
Half Life | 123.9 ± 1 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 1.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 0.2 ± 0.03
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 152 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 108 ± 8 Ty
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | 0.25333333333333 ± 0.053333333333333
|
Half Life | 240.6 ± 0.7 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 2.18 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 14.8 ± 0.09
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | -0.17273333333333 ± 0.00026666666666667
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.27 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 20.47 ± 0.03
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 15.65 ± 0.04
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | -0.22653333333333 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.35 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 24.84 ± 0.08
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | -0.29333333333333 ± 0.02
|
Half Life | 18.479 ± 0.004 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 21.86 ± 0.03
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.646 ± 0.003 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 8.4 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 68 ± 3 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 45 ± 3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.6 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 5.1 ± 0.8 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.2 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.03 ± 0.16 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 750 ± 210 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 420 ± 130 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 171 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 172 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac who separated its oxide. He observed spectroscopic lines due to gadolinium in samples of gadolinite and in the separate mineral cerite. The metal was isolated by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. From gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist
Discoverers | Jean de Marignac |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Switzerland |
Discovery Year | 1880 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named after the mineral gadolinite. |
Pronunciation | GAD-eh-LIN-i-em (English) |
1 | s | 1.2565 |
2 | p | 4.2946 |
2 | s | 16.783 |
3 | d | 13.723 |
3 | p | 19.8508 |
3 | s | 20.2903 |
4 | d | 34.3664 |
4 | f | 38.9864 |
4 | p | 31.3532 |
4 | s | 30.556 |
5 | p | 47.236 |
5 | s | 45.118 |
6 | s | 55.7854 |