Atomic Number | 64 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 157.25 |
Mass Number | 158 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 64 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 94 n0 |
Electrons | 64 e- |
Atomic Radius | |
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | |
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | |
Crystal Radius | |
Van der Waals Radius | |
Density |
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | |
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | |
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity |
1.2
|
Electrophilicity Index | |
States of Matter | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | |
Melting Point | |
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Gadolinium is a Silver. Gd has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #45ffc7, and MOLCAS GV of #45ffc7. The Appearance of Element 64 is silvery white. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Electrical Resistivity | |
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | ferromagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Gadolinium is HEX. The lattice constant of Gd is 3.64 Å. The lattice angles of Element 64 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Gadolinium has a Vickers of 570 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Gd is 38 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 64 is 22 GPa. The Young Modulus of Gadolinium (Gd) is 55 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Gadolinium is 0.26. The Speed of Sound of Gd is 2680 m/s. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young's Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | 0.26
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
The Glawe Number of Gadolinium is 26. The Mendeleev Number of Gd is 27. The Pettifor Number of Element 64 is 27. The Geochemical Class of Gadolinium (Gd) is rare earth & related. The Goldschmidt Class of Gadolinium is litophile. | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 26 |
Mendeleev Number | 27 |
Pettifor Number | 27 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
The Dipole Polarizability of Gadolinium is 158 plus or minus 20 a₀. Gd has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 2340 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 64 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Gadolinium (Gd) is 49000. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Gadolinium is 7.3. The Quantum Numbers of Gd is 9D2. The Space Group of Element 64 is 194 (P63/mmc).
Gas Basicity | |
---|---|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 49,000
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 7.3
|
Quantum Numbers | 9D2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 5 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 35 |
Natural Isotopes | 7 |
Mass Number | 133 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 69 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 134 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 70 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 135 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 71 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.1 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 2% |
Mass Number | 136 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 72 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2000 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 137 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 73 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 138 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 74 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.7 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 139 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 75 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 5.7 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 140 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 76 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 15.8 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 67% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 33% |
Mass Number | 141 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 77 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 14 ± 4 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.03% |
Mass Number | 142 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 78 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 70.2 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 52% |
e+ (positron emission) | 48% |
Mass Number | 143 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 79 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 39 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) |
Mass Number | 144 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 80 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.47 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 145 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 81 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 23 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 146 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 82 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 48.27 ± 0.09 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Mass Number | 147 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 83 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.29142857142857 ± 0.025714285714286
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 38.06 ± 0.12 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 148 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 84 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 71.3 ± 1 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) |
Mass Number | 149 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 85 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.25142857142857 ± 0.011428571428571
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 9.28 ± 0.1 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 4.3% |
Mass Number | 150 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 86 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.79 ± 0.08 My
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) |
Mass Number | 151 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 87 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.22 ± 0.017142857142857
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 123.9 ± 1 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 1.1% |
Mass Number | 152 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 88 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 0.2 ± 0.03
|
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 108 ± 8 Ty
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) |
Mass Number | 153 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 89 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.25333333333333 ± 0.053333333333333
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 240.6 ± 0.7 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Mass Number | 154 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 90 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 2.18 ± 0.02
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 155 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 91 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.17273333333333 ± 0.00026666666666667
|
Abundance | 14.8 ± 0.09
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.27 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | - |
Mass Number | 156 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 92 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 20.47 ± 0.03
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 157 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 93 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.22653333333333 ± 0.0004
|
Abundance | 15.65 ± 0.04
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.35 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | - |
Mass Number | 158 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 94 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 24.84 ± 0.08
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 159 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 95 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.29333333333333 ± 0.02
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 18.479 ± 0.004 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 160 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 96 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 21.86 ± 0.03
|
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) |
Mass Number | 161 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 97 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.646 ± 0.003 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 162 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 98 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 8.4 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 163 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 99 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 68 ± 3 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 164 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 100 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 45 ± 3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 165 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 101 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 11.6 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 166 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 102 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 5.1 ± 0.8 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 167 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 103 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.2 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 168 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 104 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.03 ± 0.16 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 169 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 105 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 750 ± 210 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 170 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 106 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 420 ± 130 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 171 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 107 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 172 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 108 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac who separated its oxide. He observed spectroscopic lines due to gadolinium in samples of gadolinite and in the separate mineral cerite. The metal was isolated by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. From gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist
Discoverers | Jean de Marignac |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Switzerland |
Discovery Year | 1880 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named after the mineral gadolinite. |
Pronunciation | GAD-eh-LIN-i-em (English) |
Found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | |
Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
Natural Abundance (Human Body) | |
Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.000023 %
|
Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.0000002 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0000002 %
|
1 | s | 1.2565 |
2 | p | 4.2946 |
2 | s | 16.783 |
3 | d | 13.723 |
3 | p | 19.8508 |
3 | s | 20.2903 |
4 | d | 34.3664 |
4 | f | 38.9864 |
4 | p | 31.3532 |
4 | s | 30.556 |
5 | p | 47.236 |
5 | s | 45.118 |
6 | s | 55.7854 |