Atomic Number | 72 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 178.49 |
Mass Number | 180 |
Group | 4 |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | d |
Protons | 72 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 108 n0 |
Electrons | 72 e- |
Atomic Radius | 155 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 13.6 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 152 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 144 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 58 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 72 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 223 pm
|
Density | 13.3 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.014 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.82507 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 575 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 25.1 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 618.4 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 4 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 |
Oxidation States | -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 1.3
|
Electrophilicity | 0.8583981383413326 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 4,873.15 K
|
Melting Point | 2,506.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | steel gray |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 23 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000059 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.73 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.144 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 3.3 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000003 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 0.128 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000053 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000946 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0000705
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.2 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 5.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 110 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 30 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 78 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.37
|
Speed of Sound | 3,010 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IVA |
IUPAC Group | IVB |
Glawe Number | 50 |
Mendeleev Number | 45 |
Pettifor Number | 50 |
Geochemical Class | high field strength |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 104
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.02
|
Quantum Numbers | 3F2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 6 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 32 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 33 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2000 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 843 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 23 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 115 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 94% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 14% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.85 ± 0.07 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 55.7% |
α (α emission) | 44.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.2 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 65% |
α (α emission) | 35% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 13.6 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.3% |
α (α emission) | 0.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 18.4 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.71% |
α (α emission) | 0.29% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 39.4 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.992% |
α (α emission) | 0.008% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 40 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 111 ± 8 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 76 ± 4 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 6.77 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.05 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 25.95 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 98% |
e+ (positron emission) | 2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.24 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 16.01 ± 0.13 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 171 |
G-Factor | -0.19257142857143 ± 0.0034285714285714
|
Half Life | 12.1 ± 0.4 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 3.46 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 172 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.87 ± 0.03 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 173 |
G-Factor | 1.004 ± 0.014
|
Half Life | 23.6 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 0.16 ± 0.12
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 174 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2 ± 0.4 Py
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 175 |
G-Factor | -0.2708 ± 0.0036
|
Half Life | 70.65 ± 0.19 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.72 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 5.26 ± 0.7
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 176 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 18.6 ± 0.16
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 177 |
G-Factor | 0.226 ± 0.00025714285714286
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 3.37 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 27.28 ± 0.28
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 178 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 13.62 ± 0.11
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 179 |
G-Factor | -0.14197777777778 ± 0.00031111111111111
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 3.79 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 35.08 ± 0.33
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 180 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 181 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 42.39 ± 0.06 d
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 182 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 8.9 ± 0.09 My
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 183 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.018 ± 0.002 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 184 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.12 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 185 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.5 ± 0.6 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1993 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 186 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.6 ± 1.2 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 187 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 188 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 189 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides. Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922. Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924. From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
Discoverers | Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Denmark |
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen. |
Pronunciation | HAF-ni-em (English) |
1 | s | 1.3984 |
2 | p | 4.4012 |
2 | s | 18.8102 |
3 | d | 13.5702 |
3 | p | 21.0168 |
3 | s | 21.6885 |
4 | d | 36.476 |
4 | f | 39.7904 |
4 | p | 34.0704 |
4 | s | 33.0228 |
5 | d | 55.3805 |
5 | p | 52.415 |
5 | s | 50.167 |
6 | s | 62.8356 |