Atomic Number | 41 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 92.90637 |
Mass Number | 93 |
Group | 5 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | d |
Protons | 41 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 52 n0 |
Electrons | 41 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 145 pm
|
Molar Volume | 10.8 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 147 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 134 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 72 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 86 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 218 pm
|
Density | 8.57 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.917406 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.75885 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 680 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 26.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 733 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 1 |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d4 5s1 |
Oxidation States | -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
Electronegativity | 1.6
|
Electrophilicity | 1.2609233730892566 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 5,014.15 K
|
Melting Point | 2,750.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Niobium is a Gray. Nb has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #73c2c9, and MOLCAS GV of #73c2c9. The Appearance of Element 41 is gray metallic, bluish when oxidized. | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | gray metallic, bluish when oxidized |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 53.7 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000073 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 24.6 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.265 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 6.7 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000015 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 9.25 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000276 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.00000000256 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.000237
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Niobium is BCC. The lattice constant of Nb is 3.3 Å. The lattice angles of Element 41 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 3.3 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Niobium has a Brinell of 736 MPa, Mohs hardness of 6 MPa, and Vickers of 1320 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Nb is 170 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 41 is 38 GPa. The Young Modulus of Niobium (Nb) is 105 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Niobium is 0.4. The Speed of Sound of Nb is 3480 m/s. | |
Hardness | 6 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 170 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 38 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 105 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.4
|
Speed of Sound | 3,480 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Niobium is VA. The IUPAC Group of Nb is VB. The Glawe Number of Element 41 is 53. The Mendeleev Number of Niobium (Nb) is 48. The Pettifor Number of Niobium is 52. The Geochemical Class of Nb is high field strength. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 41 is litophile. | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VA |
IUPAC Group | VB |
Glawe Number | 53 |
Mendeleev Number | 48 |
Pettifor Number | 52 |
Geochemical Class | high field strength |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
The Dipole Polarizability of Niobium is 98 plus or minus 8 a₀. Nb has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 1140 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 41 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Niobium (Nb) is 1.15. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Niobium is 0.0004. The Quantum Numbers of Nb is 6D1/2. The Space Group of Element 41 is 229 (Im_3m). | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 1.15
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0004
|
Quantum Numbers | 6D1/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 37 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 34 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 51 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.9 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 9.8 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 20.5 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 88 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.7 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 14.5 ± 0.11 m
|
Spin | 8 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 89 |
G-Factor | 1.3813333333333 ± 0.0011111111111111
|
Half Life | 2.03 ± 0.07 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 90 |
G-Factor | 0.61825 ± 0.0005
|
Half Life | 14.6 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 8 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.01 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 91 |
G-Factor | 1.4473333333333 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
Half Life | 680 ± 130 y
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.25 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 0.0138% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 92 |
G-Factor | 0.73285714285714 ± 0.00057142857142857
|
Half Life | 34.7 ± 2.4 My
|
Spin | 7 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.35 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 100
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 93 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.32 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1932 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 94 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 20.4 ± 0.4 ky
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 95 |
G-Factor | 1.3646666666667 ± 0.0011111111111111
|
Half Life | 34.991 ± 0.006 d
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 96 |
G-Factor | 0.82916666666667 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
Half Life | 23.35 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 97 |
G-Factor | 1.3673333333333 ± 0.0011111111111111
|
Half Life | 72.1 ± 0.7 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 98 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.86 ± 0.06 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 99 |
G-Factor | 1.3244444444444 ± 0.0066666666666667
|
Half Life | 15 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.41 ± 0.14
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 100 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.5 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 101 |
G-Factor | 1.2744 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | 7.1 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.05 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 102 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.3 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 103 |
G-Factor | 1.2532 ± 0.0016
|
Half Life | 1.34 ± 0.07 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.08 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 104 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 0.98 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.05% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 105 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.91 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1984 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 106 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 900 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 4.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 107 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 286 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 108 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 201 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 6.3% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 109 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 106.9 ± 4.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 31% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 110 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 75 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 40% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 111 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 54 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 112 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 38 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 113 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 32 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 114 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 17 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 115 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 23 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 116 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Niobium was discovered by the English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801 and named the new element columbium. In 1846, German chemist Henrich Rose independently discovered the element and named it niobium. The metal was first isolated by Swedish scientist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand in 1864 who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalu
Discoverers | Charles Hatchet |
---|---|
Discovery Location | England |
Discovery Year | 1801 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From Niobe; daughter of the mythical Greek king Tantalus. |
Pronunciation | ni-OH-bee-em (English) |
Occurs in a mineral columbite. Formerly known as colombium (Cb). It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets and missiles.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 20 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00001 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.000019 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0000004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0000002 %
|
1 | s | 0.8577 |
2 | p | 4.0178 |
2 | s | 10.8748 |
3 | d | 14.753 |
3 | p | 16.3844 |
3 | s | 15.8285 |
4 | d | 29.7624 |
4 | p | 26.9156 |
4 | s | 25.7172 |
5 | s | 35.079 |