Zirconium

Zirconium (Zr)

Zirconium is the 40th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Zr and atomic number of 40. It has an atomic weight of 91.224 and a mass number of 90. Zirconium has forty protons and fifty neutrons in its nucleus, and forty electrons in five shells. It is located in group four, period five and block d of the periodic table. Grey-white metallic transition element. Five natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear reactors for a Neutron absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, isolated in 1824 by Berzelius.
Atomic Number40
Atomic Weight91.224
Mass Number90
Group4
Period5
Blockd
Protons40 p+
Neutrons50 n0
Electrons40 e-
Animated Bohr Model of Zr (Zirconium)

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius
Molar Volume
Covalent Radius
Metallic Radius
Ionic Radius
Crystal Radius
Van der Waals Radius
Density
Atomic Radii of the Elements: Zirconium0102030405060708090100110120130140150160170180190200210220230pmAtomic RadiusCovalent RadiusMetallic RadiusVan der Waals Radius

Chemical Properties

Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energies of Zr (Zirconium)
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Formation
Electrons
Electron Shells2, 8, 18, 10, 2
Bohr Model: Zr (Zirconium)
Valence Electrons2
Lewis Structure: Zr (Zirconium)
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d2 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d2 5s2
Enhanced Bohr Model of Zr (Zirconium)
Orbital Diagram of Zr (Zirconium)
Oxidation States-2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegativity
1.33
Electrophilicity Index
States of Matter
PhaseSolid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point
Melting Point
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual

Zirconium is a Silver. Zr has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #94e0e0, and MOLCAS GV of #94e0e0. The Appearance of Element 40 is silvery white.

Color
Silver
Appearancesilvery white
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion
Molar Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
TypeConductor
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Resistivity
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Typeparamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
0.0000000168 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
0.00000000153 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
0.000109
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure

The Crystal Structure of Zirconium is HEX. The lattice constant of Zr is 3.23 Å. The lattice angles of Element 40 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.

Crystal StructureSimple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties

Zirconium has a Brinell of 650 MPa, Mohs hardness of 5 MPa, and Vickers of 903 MPa. The Shear Modulus of Zr is 33 GPa. The Young Modulus of Element 40 is 68 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Zirconium (Zr) is 0.34. The Speed of Sound of Zirconium is 3800 m/s.

Hardness
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Young's Modulus
Poisson Ratio
0.34
Speed of Sound
Classification

The CAS Group of Zirconium is IVA. The IUPAC Group of Zr is IVB. The Glawe Number of Element 40 is 49. The Mendeleev Number of Zirconium (Zr) is 44. The Pettifor Number of Zirconium is 49. The Geochemical Class of Zr is high field strength. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 40 is litophile.

CategoryTransition metals, Transition metals
CAS GroupIVA
IUPAC GroupIVB
Glawe Number49
Mendeleev Number44
Pettifor Number49
Geochemical Classhigh field strength
Goldschmidt Classlitophile

Other

The Dipole Polarizability of Zirconium is 112 plus or minus 13 a₀. Zr has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 1360 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 40 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Zirconium (Zr) is 0.184. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Zirconium is 0.00066. The Quantum Numbers of Zr is 3F2. The Space Group of Element 40 is 194 (P63/mmc).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section
0.184
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.00066
Quantum Numbers3F2
Space Group194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Zirconium

Stable Isotopes3
Unstable Isotopes34
Natural Isotopes5
Isotopic Composition9051.45%9051.45%9217.15%9217.15%9417.38%9417.38%9111.22%9111.22%962.80%962.80%

77Zr

Mass Number77
Neutron Number37
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2017
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)
p (proton emission)

78Zr

Mass Number78
Neutron Number38
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year2001
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

79Zr

Mass Number79
Neutron Number39
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
56 ± 30 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1999
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

80Zr

Mass Number80
Neutron Number40
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
4.6 ± 0.6 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1987
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

81Zr

Mass Number81
Neutron Number41
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
5.5 ± 0.4 s
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1997
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)0.12%

82Zr

Mass Number82
Neutron Number42
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
32 ± 5 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1982
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

83Zr

Mass Number83
Neutron Number43
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
42 ± 2 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1974
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

84Zr

Mass Number84
Neutron Number44
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
25.8 ± 0.5 m
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1977
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

85Zr

Mass Number85
Neutron Number45
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
7.86 ± 0.04 m
Spin7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1963
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

86Zr

Mass Number86
Neutron Number46
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
16.5 ± 0.1 h
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1951
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

87Zr

Mass Number87
Neutron Number47
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.19866666666667 ± 0.0011111111111111
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
1.68 ± 0.01 h
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.42 ± 0.05
Discovery Year1948
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

88Zr

Mass Number88
Neutron Number48
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
83.4 ± 0.3 d
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1951
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
ϵ (electron capture)100%

89Zr

Mass Number89
Neutron Number49
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.23222222222222 ± 0.0013333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
78.36 ± 0.023 h
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.28 ± 0.1
Discovery Year1948
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

90Zr

Mass Number90
Neutron Number50
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
51.45 ± 0.04
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1924
Parity+

91Zr

Mass Number91
Neutron Number51
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
11.22 ± 0.05
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
-0.176 ± 0.003
Discovery Year1934
Parity+

92Zr

Mass Number92
Neutron Number52
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
17.15 ± 0.03
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1924
Parity+

93Zr

Mass Number93
Neutron Number53
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
1.61 ± 0.05 My
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1950
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

94Zr

Mass Number94
Neutron Number54
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
17.38 ± 0.04
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1924
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
(double β decay)

95Zr

Mass Number95
Neutron Number55
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0.452 ± 0.008
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
64.032 ± 0.006 d
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.22 ± 0.02
Discovery Year1946
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

96Zr

Mass Number96
Neutron Number56
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
2.8 ± 0.02
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
23.4 ± 1.7 Ey
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1934
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
(double β decay)100%

97Zr

Mass Number97
Neutron Number57
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-1.872 ± 0.01
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
16.749 ± 0.008 h
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1951
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

98Zr

Mass Number98
Neutron Number58
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
30.7 ± 0.4 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1967
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

99Zr

Mass Number99
Neutron Number59
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-1.858 ± 0.008
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.1 ± 0.1 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1970
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

100Zr

Mass Number100
Neutron Number60
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
7.1 ± 0.4 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1970
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

101Zr

Mass Number101
Neutron Number61
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.18133333333333 ± 0.0053333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.29 ± 0.08 s
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.81 ± 0.06
Discovery Year1972
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

102Zr

Mass Number102
Neutron Number62
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.01 ± 0.08 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1970
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

103Zr

Mass Number103
Neutron Number63
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
1.38 ± 0.07 s
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1987
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)1%

104Zr

Mass Number104
Neutron Number64
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
920 ± 28 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1990
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)1%

105Zr

Mass Number105
Neutron Number65
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
670 ± 28 ms
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1992
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)2%

106Zr

Mass Number106
Neutron Number66
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
179 ± 6 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)7%

107Zr

Mass Number107
Neutron Number67
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
145.7 ± 2.4 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)23%

108Zr

Mass Number108
Neutron Number68
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
78.5 ± 2 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1997
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)

109Zr

Mass Number109
Neutron Number69
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
56 ± 3 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1997
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

110Zr

Mass Number110
Neutron Number70
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
37.5 ± 2 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1997
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

111Zr

Mass Number111
Neutron Number71
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
24 ± 0.5 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2010
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

112Zr

Mass Number112
Neutron Number72
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
43 ± 21 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year2010
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

113Zr

Mass Number113
Neutron Number73
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2018
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)
Zirconium crystal bar and 1cm3 cube

History

Zirconium was first recognized as an element by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789, in Berlin, in a sample of zircon from Sri Lanka. Zirconium metal was first obtained in an impure form in 1824 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube. Dutch scientists Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered a method for producing high purity zirconium in 1925. From the Persian zargun, gold like

DiscoverersMartin Klaproth
Discovery LocationGermany
Discovery Year1789
Etymology (Name Origin)From the mineral, zircon.
Pronunciationzer-KO-ni-em (English)
Zirconium is considered to be non-toxic
The most common oxide is zirconium dioxide, also referred to as zirconia

Uses

Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although it is used in small amounts as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium is used as to make surgical instruments and is used in steel alloys as a hardening agent. Zirconium is also used to make superconductive magnets. Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a popular gemstone.

Sources

Found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
Natural Abundance (Oceans)
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
0.000005 %
Natural Abundance (Meteor)
0.00066 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)
0.000004 %
Abundance in Universe
0.000005 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.841
2p4.0072
2s10.6262
3d14.4331
3p16.1545
3s15.6385
4d26.9284
4p26.54
4s25.0984
5s33.5545

Also Known As

  • Zr
  • element 40
  • 40Zr

Translations

  • Norwegian Bokmålzirkonium
  • Frenchzirconium
  • Italianzirconio
  • GermanZirconium
  • Dutchzirkonium
  • Norwegian Nynorskzirkonium
  • Danishzirkonium
  • Hungariancirkónium
  • Afrikaanssirkonium
  • Amharicዚርኮኒየም
  • AragoneseZirconio
  • Arabicزركونيوم
  • AzerbaijaniSirkonium
  • Belarusianцырконій
  • Bulgarianцирконий
  • BretonZirkoniom
  • Bosniancirkonij
  • Catalanzirconi
  • CorsicanZirconiu
  • Czechzirkonium
  • Chuvashциркони
  • WelshSirconiwm
  • Greekζιρκόνιο
  • Esperantozirkonio
  • Spanishcirconio
  • Estoniantsirkoonium
  • Basquezirkonio
  • Persianزیرکونیم
  • Finnishzirkonium
  • FriulianZirconi
  • IrishSiorcóiniam
  • Galiciancirconio
  • ManxShirconium
  • Hakka Chinesezirconium
  • Hebrewזירקוניום
  • Hindiजर्कोनियम
  • Fiji HindiZirconium
  • Croatiancirkonij
  • Haitian CreoleZikonyòm
  • Armenianցիրկոնիում
  • Interlinguazirconium
  • Indonesianzirkonium
  • Idozirkonio
  • Icelandicsirkon
  • Japaneseジルコニウム
  • Lojbanjinmrzirkoni
  • JavaneseZirkonium
  • Georgianცირკონიუმი
  • KazakhЦирконий
  • Kannadaಜಿರ್ಕೊನಿಯಮ್
  • Korean지르코늄
  • KurdishZîrkonyûm
  • KomiЦирконий
  • Latinzirconium
  • LuxembourgishZirkonium
  • LigurianSirconio
  • Lithuaniancirkonis
  • Latviancirkonijs
  • Malayalamസിർകോണിയം
  • Marathiझिर्कोनियम
  • Western MariЦирконий
  • MalayZirkonium
  • Burmeseဇာကိုနီယမ်
  • OccitanZircòni
  • Punjabiਜ਼ਰਕੋਨੀਅਮ
  • Polishcyrkon
  • Western Panjabiزرکونیم
  • Portuguesezircónio
  • QuechuaSirkonyu
  • Romanianzirconiu
  • Russianцирконий
  • Sicilianzirconiu
  • Serbo-CroatianCirkonijum
  • Slovakzirkónium
  • Sloveniancirkonij
  • AlbanianZirkoniumi
  • Serbianцирконијум
  • Saterland FrisianZirconium
  • Swedishzirkonium
  • SwahiliZirikoni
  • Thaiเซอร์โคเนียม
  • TagalogSirkonyo
  • Turkishzirkonyum
  • Uyghurسىركونىي
  • Ukrainianцирконій
  • UzbekSirkoniy
  • VepsCirkonii
  • Vietnamesezirconi
  • WarayZirconyo
  • KalmykЦиркониум
  • YorubaZirconium
  • Chinese
  • English (United Kingdom)zirconium
  • CebuanoCirkonyo
  • MacedonianЦиркониум
  • Central Kurdishزیرکۆنیۆم
  • Gujaratiઝિર્કોનિયમ
  • Yiddishצירקאניום
  • Tamilசிர்க்கோனியம்
  • PiedmonteseZircòni
  • Banglaজিরকোনিয়াম
  • TatarЦирконий
  • Odiaଜିର୍କୋନିଅମ
  • Scotszirconium
  • Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)цыркон
  • Cantonese
  • Min Nan ChineseZirconium
  • SomaliSirkooniyaam
  • Mongolianциркони
  • AromanianZirconiu
  • KyrgyzЦирконий
  • LimburgishZirkonium
  • Teluguజిర్కోనియం
  • Malteseżirkonju
  • LombardZirconio
  • Scottish GaelicSiorcònium
  • Bhojpuriजिरकोनियम
  • Sanskritजर्कोनियम
  • Nepaliजर्कोनियम
  • Paliजर्कोनियम
  • azbزیرکونیوم
  • cdoZirconium
  • Tibetanཛིར་ཀོ་ནིམ།
  • SundaneseZirkonium
  • Asturiancirconiu
  • Portuguese (Brazil)zircônio
  • Literary Chinese
  • oloCirkounii
  • TajikZr
  • kbpSɩrkɔnɩyɔm
  • Lingua Franca Novazirconio
  • Northern FrisianTsirkoonium
  • Chinese (Traditional)
  • Chinese (Taiwan)
  • Chinese (Simplified)
  • Wu Chinese
  • SardinianZircòniu
  • KotavaZerkanel
  • Moroccan Arabicزيركونيوم
  • Egyptian Arabicزركونيوم
  • Pashtoزرکونيوم
  • CornishZirkoniom
  • BalineseZirkonium
  • Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)
  • BikolSirkonyo
  • Newariजर्कोनियम
  • Urduزرکونیئم
  • Korean (North Korea)지르코니움
  • ZuluIZambedu