Atomic Number | 40 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 91.224 |
Mass Number | 90 |
Group | 4 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | d |
Protons | 40 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 50 n0 |
Electrons | 40 e- |
Atomic Radius | |
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | |
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | |
Crystal Radius | |
Van der Waals Radius | |
Density |
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | |
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | |
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d2 5s2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d2 5s2 |
Oxidation States | -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 1.33
|
Electrophilicity Index | |
States of Matter | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | |
Melting Point | |
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Zirconium is a Silver. Zr has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #94e0e0, and MOLCAS GV of #94e0e0. The Appearance of Element 40 is silvery white. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Electrical Resistivity | |
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000168 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.00000000153 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.000109
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Zirconium is HEX. The lattice constant of Zr is 3.23 Å. The lattice angles of Element 40 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Zirconium has a Brinell of 650 MPa, Mohs hardness of 5 MPa, and Vickers of 903 MPa. The Shear Modulus of Zr is 33 GPa. The Young Modulus of Element 40 is 68 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Zirconium (Zr) is 0.34. The Speed of Sound of Zirconium is 3800 m/s. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young's Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | 0.34
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Zirconium is IVA. The IUPAC Group of Zr is IVB. The Glawe Number of Element 40 is 49. The Mendeleev Number of Zirconium (Zr) is 44. The Pettifor Number of Zirconium is 49. The Geochemical Class of Zr is high field strength. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 40 is litophile. | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IVA |
IUPAC Group | IVB |
Glawe Number | 49 |
Mendeleev Number | 44 |
Pettifor Number | 49 |
Geochemical Class | high field strength |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
The Dipole Polarizability of Zirconium is 112 plus or minus 13 a₀. Zr has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 1360 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 40 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Zirconium (Zr) is 0.184. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Zirconium is 0.00066. The Quantum Numbers of Zr is 3F2. The Space Group of Element 40 is 194 (P63/mmc).
Gas Basicity | |
---|---|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.184
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00066
|
Quantum Numbers | 3F2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 3 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 34 |
Natural Isotopes | 5 |
Mass Number | 77 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 37 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2017 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | |
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 78 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 38 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2001 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 79 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 39 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 56 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 80 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 40 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.6 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 81 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 41 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 5.5 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.12% |
Mass Number | 82 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 42 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 32 ± 5 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 83 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 43 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 42 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 84 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 44 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 25.8 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 85 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 45 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 7.86 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 86 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 46 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 16.5 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 87 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 47 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.19866666666667 ± 0.0011111111111111
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.68 ± 0.01 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.42 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 88 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 48 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 83.4 ± 0.3 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Mass Number | 89 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 49 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.23222222222222 ± 0.0013333333333333
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 78.36 ± 0.023 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.28 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 90 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 50 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 51.45 ± 0.04
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1924 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 91 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 51 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | 11.22 ± 0.05
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.176 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 92 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 52 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 17.15 ± 0.03
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1924 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 93 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 53 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.61 ± 0.05 My
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 94 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 54 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 17.38 ± 0.04
|
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1924 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) |
Mass Number | 95 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 55 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.452 ± 0.008
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 64.032 ± 0.006 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.22 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1946 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 96 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 56 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 2.8 ± 0.02
|
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 23.4 ± 1.7 Ey
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 97 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 57 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -1.872 ± 0.01
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 16.749 ± 0.008 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 98 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 58 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 30.7 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 99 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 59 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -1.858 ± 0.008
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.1 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 100 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 60 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 7.1 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 101 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 61 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.18133333333333 ± 0.0053333333333333
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.29 ± 0.08 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.81 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 102 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 62 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.01 ± 0.08 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 103 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 63 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.38 ± 0.07 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1% |
Mass Number | 104 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 64 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 920 ± 28 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1% |
Mass Number | 105 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 65 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 670 ± 28 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2% |
Mass Number | 106 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 66 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 179 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7% |
Mass Number | 107 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 67 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 145.7 ± 2.4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 23% |
Mass Number | 108 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 68 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 78.5 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 109 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 69 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 56 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 110 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 70 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 37.5 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 111 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 71 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 24 ± 0.5 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 112 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 72 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 43 ± 21 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 113 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 73 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Zirconium was first recognized as an element by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789, in Berlin, in a sample of zircon from Sri Lanka. Zirconium metal was first obtained in an impure form in 1824 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube. Dutch scientists Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered a method for producing high purity zirconium in 1925. From the Persian zargun, gold like
Discoverers | Martin Klaproth |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Germany |
Discovery Year | 1789 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From the mineral, zircon. |
Pronunciation | zer-KO-ni-em (English) |
Found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | |
Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.000005 %
|
Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.00066 %
|
Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.000004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.000005 %
|
1 | s | 0.841 |
2 | p | 4.0072 |
2 | s | 10.6262 |
3 | d | 14.4331 |
3 | p | 16.1545 |
3 | s | 15.6385 |
4 | d | 26.9284 |
4 | p | 26.54 |
4 | s | 25.0984 |
5 | s | 33.5545 |