Atomic Number | 51 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 121.76 |
Mass Number | 121 |
Group | 15 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | p |
Protons | 51 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 70 n0 |
Electrons | 51 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 145 pm
|
Molar Volume | 18.4 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 140 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 139 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 76 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 90 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 206 pm
|
Density | 6.68 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 1.046 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 8.608389 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 195.2 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 20.08 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 264.4 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 |
Valence Electrons | 5 |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 |
Oxidation States | -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
Electronegativity | 2.05
|
Electrophilicity | 1.540637934707554 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,860.15 K
|
Melting Point | 903.778 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Antimony is a Silver. Sb has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #9e63b5, and MOLCAS GV of #9e63b5. The Appearance of Element 51 is silvery lustrous gray. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery lustrous gray |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 24.43 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.000011 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.23 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.207 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 2.5 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000004 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000109 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000001327 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.000073
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Antimony is RHL. The lattice constant of Sb is 4.51 Å. The lattice angles of Element 51 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Trigonal (RHL) |
Lattice Constant | 4.51 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Antimony has a Brinell of 294 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 3 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Sb is 42 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 51 is 20 GPa. The Young Modulus of Antimony (Sb) is 55 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Antimony is 3420 m/s. | |
Hardness | 3 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 42 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 20 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 55 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 3,420 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Antimony is VB. The IUPAC Group of Sb is VA. The Glawe Number of Element 51 is 91. The Mendeleev Number of Antimony (Sb) is 96. The Pettifor Number of Antimony is 88. The Geochemical Class of Sb is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 51 is chalcophile. | |
Category | Metalloids, Metalloids |
CAS Group | VB |
IUPAC Group | VA |
Glawe Number | 91 |
Mendeleev Number | 96 |
Pettifor Number | 88 |
Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
The Dipole Polarizability of Antimony is 43 plus or minus 2 a₀. Sb has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 492 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 504 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 51 are White Antimony, Yellow Antimony, Black Antimony. The Neutron Cross Section of Antimony (Sb) is 5.4. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Antimony is 0.0016. The Quantum Numbers of Sb is 4S3/2. The Space Group of Element 51 is 166 (R_3m). | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 492 a₀
|
Allotropes | White Antimony, Yellow Antimony, Black Antimony |
Neutron Cross Section | 5.4
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0016
|
Quantum Numbers | 4S3/2 |
Space Group | 166 (R_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 39 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 37 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 102 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 103 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 104 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 470 ± 130 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 7% |
p (proton emission) | 7% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 105 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.12 ± 0.16 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
p (proton emission) | 0.1% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 106 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 600 ± 200 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 107 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 108 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 7.4 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 109 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 17.2 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 110 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 23.6 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 111 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 75 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 112 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 53.5 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 113 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.67 ± 0.07 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 114 |
G-Factor | 0.57333333333333 ± 0.026666666666667
|
Half Life | 3.49 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 115 |
G-Factor | 1.384 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 32.1 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 116 |
G-Factor | 0.905 ± 0.003
|
Half Life | 15.8 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 117 |
G-Factor | 1.372 ± 0.024
|
Half Life | 2.97 ± 0.02 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.2 ± 1.2
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 118 |
G-Factor | 2.46 ± 0.07
|
Half Life | 3.6 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 119 |
G-Factor | 1.38 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 38.19 ± 0.22 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 120 |
G-Factor | 2.3 ± 0.2
|
Half Life | 15.89 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 57.21 ± 0.05
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 121 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.543 ± 0.011
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 122 |
G-Factor | -0.95 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 2.7238 ± 0.0002 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.28 ± 0.08
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 97.59% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 2.41% |
Abundance | 42.79 ± 0.05
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 123 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.692 ± 0.014
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 124 |
G-Factor | 0.4 ± 0.0066666666666667
|
Half Life | 60.2 ± 0.03 d
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.8 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 125 |
G-Factor | 0.75142857142857 ± 0.011428571428571
|
Half Life | 2.7576 ± 0.0011 y
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 126 |
G-Factor | 0.16 ± 0.00875
|
Half Life | 12.35 ± 0.06 d
|
Spin | 8 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 127 |
G-Factor | 0.77142857142857 ± 0.011428571428571
|
Half Life | 3.85 ± 0.05 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 128 |
G-Factor | 0.1625 ± 0.025
|
Half Life | 9.05 ± 0.04 h
|
Spin | 8 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 129 |
G-Factor | 0.79714285714286 ± 0.011428571428571
|
Half Life | 4.366 ± 0.026 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 130 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 39.5 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 8 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 131 |
G-Factor | 0.82571428571429 ± 0.011428571428571
|
Half Life | 23.03 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 132 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.79 ± 0.07 m
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 133 |
G-Factor | 0.85714285714286 ± 0.011428571428571
|
Half Life | 2.34 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 134 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 674 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 135 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.668 ± 0.009 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 19.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 136 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 923 ± 14 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 24.7% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 0.14% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 137 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 497 ± 21 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 49% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 138 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 333 ± 7 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 72% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 139 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 182 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 90% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 140 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 170 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 23% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 7.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 141 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 103 ± 29 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 142 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 80 ± 50 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
One of antimony's minerals, stibnite was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic as early as about 3100 BC. The first European description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio. The first natural occurrence of pure antimony in the Earth's crust was described by the Swedish scientist and local mine district engineer Anton von Swab in 1783. From the Greek word anti plus monos - a metal not found alone
Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
---|---|
Discovery Location | |
Discovery Year | |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: anti and monos (not alone); symbol from mineral stibnite. |
Pronunciation | AN-teh-MOH-ni (English) |
1 | s | 1.0256 |
2 | p | 4.1274 |
2 | s | 13.4046 |
3 | d | 14.2002 |
3 | p | 17.8161 |
3 | s | 17.7909 |
4 | d | 32.0256 |
4 | p | 28.8188 |
4 | s | 27.4564 |
5 | p | 41.0055 |
5 | s | 39.389 |