Tin (Sn)
Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. Twenty-six isotopes are known, five of which are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids.
| Atomic Number | 50 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 118.71 |
| Mass Number | 120 |
| Group | 14 |
|---|---|
| Period | 5 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 50 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 70 n0 |
| Electrons | 50 e- |
Properties
| Atomic Radius | 145 pm
|
|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 16.3 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 140 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | 142 pm
|
| Ionic Radius | 55 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 69 pm
|
| Van der Waals radius |
217 pm
|
| Density | 7.287 g/cm³
|
| Boiling Point | 2,543 K
|
| Melting Point | 505.1 K
|
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 |
| Electronegativity |
1.96
|
| Electrophilicity | 1.4342383362937 eV/particle
|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | 1.112067 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Potential | 7.343917 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 296 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 7.07 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 301.2 kJ/mol
|
| Molar Heat Capacity | 26.99 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.227 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Thermal Conductivity | 66.8 W/(m K)
|
| Gas Basicity | |
| Dipole Polarizability | 53 a₀
|
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 659 a₀
|
| Oxidation States | -4, 2, 4 |
| Color | Silver
|
| Crystal Structure | Centered Tetragonal (TET) |
| Lattice Constant | 5.82 Å
|
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Allotropes | |
| Alternate Names | |
| Adiabatic Index | |
| Appearance | |
| Electric Conductivity | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Curie Point | |
| Electrical | |
| Hardness | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
| Magnetic | |
| Neel Point | |
| Neutron Cross Section | |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | |
| Gas Phase | |
| Quantum Numbers | |
| Refractive Index | |
| Space Group | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Valence Electrons | |
| Classification | |
| Category | Post-transition metals, Poor metals |
| CAS Group | IVB |
| IUPAC Group | IVA |
| Glawe Number | 83 |
| Mendeleev Number | 90 |
| Pettifor Number | 83 |
| Geochemical Class | |
| Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
| Radioactivity | |
| Radioactive | No |
| Decay Mode | |
| Half-Life | |
| Lifetime | |
| Abundance | |
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 2.3 mg/kg
|
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.000004 mg/L
|
| Abundance in Human Body | |
| Abundance in Meteor | |
| Abundance in Sun | |
| Abundance in Universe | 4×10-7% |
Isotopes of Tin
Stable Isotopes
112Sn 114Sn 115Sn 116Sn 117Sn 118Sn 119Sn 120Sn 122Sn 124Sn
Unstable Isotopes
99Sn 100Sn 101Sn 102Sn 103Sn 104Sn 105Sn 106Sn 107Sn 108Sn 109Sn 110Sn 111Sn 113Sn 121Sn 123Sn 125Sn 126Sn 127Sn 128Sn 129Sn 130Sn 131Sn 132Sn 133Sn 134Sn 135Sn 136Sn 137Sn
History
Tin was first smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze. The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC. Cassiterite, the tin oxide form of tin, was most likely the original source of tin in ancient times. British scientist Robert Boyle published a description of his experiments on the oxidation of tin in 1673. The Latin word for tin is stannum
| Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Name Origin | Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin). |
Tin is considered to be non-toxic but most tin salts are toxic
When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as the tin cry can be heard
Uses
Tin is used as a coating on the surface of other metals to prevent corrosion. It has long been used as a solder in the form of an alloy with lead. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. Tin chloride is used as a mordant in dyeing textiles and for increasing the weight of silk. Used as a coating for steel cans since it is nontoxic and noncorrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20%Sn:80%Cu), and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some toothpaste.
Sources
Principally found in the ore cassiterite(SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4).