Thallium (Tl)
Thallium is the 81st element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Tl and atomic number of 81. It has an atomic weight of 204.380 and a mass number of 205. Thallium has eighty-one protons and one hundred twenty-four neutrons in its nucleus, and eighty-one electrons in six shells. It is located in group thirteen, period six and block p of the periodic table. Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery-white and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn bluish-grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Tl-204 being the most stable with a half-life of 3.78 years. Thallium sulphate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.
| Atomic Number | 81 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 204.38 |
| Mass Number | 205 |
| Group | 13 |
|---|---|
| Period | 6 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 81 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 124 n0 |
| Electrons | 81 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | 190 pm
|
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | 17.2 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 144 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | 144 pm
|
| Ionic Radius | 150 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 164 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
196 pm
|
| Density | 11.8 g/cm³
|
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | 0.377 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 6.108287 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 162.4 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 4.31 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 182.2 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 3 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -5, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3 |
| Electronegativity |
1.8
|
| Electrophilicity Index | 0.9173102715055317 eV/particle
|
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | 1,746.15 K
|
| Melting Point | 577.15 K
|
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Thallium is a Silver. Tl has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #a6544d, and MOLCAS GV of #a6544d. The Appearance of Element 81 is silvery white. | |
| Color | Silver
|
| Appearance | silvery white |
| Refractive Index | |
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 46.1 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000299 1/K
|
| Molar Heat Capacity | 26.32 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.129 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | 6.7 MS/m
|
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000015 m Ω
|
| Superconducting Point | 2.38 K
|
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.000000003 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000613 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000356
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Thallium is HEX. The lattice constant of Tl is 3.46 Å. The lattice angles of Element 81 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
| Lattice Constant | 3.46 Å
|
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
Thallium has a Brinell of 26.4 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 1.2 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Tl is 43 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 81 is 2.8 GPa. The Young Modulus of Thallium (Tl) is 8 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Thallium is 0.45. The Speed of Sound of Tl is 818 m/s. | |
| Hardness |
1.2 MPa
|
| Bulk Modulus | 43 GPa
|
| Shear Modulus | 2.8 GPa
|
| Young's Modulus | 8 GPa
|
| Poisson Ratio | 0.45
|
| Speed of Sound | 818 m/s
|
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Thallium is IIIB. The IUPAC Group of Tl is IIIA. The Glawe Number of Element 81 is 81. The Mendeleev Number of Thallium (Tl) is 85. The Pettifor Number of Thallium is 78. The Goldschmidt Class of Tl is chalcophile. | |
| Category | Post-transition metals, Poor metals |
| CAS Group | IIIB |
| IUPAC Group | IIIA |
| Glawe Number | 81 |
| Mendeleev Number | 85 |
| Pettifor Number | 78 |
| Geochemical Class | |
| Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Thallium is 50 plus or minus 2 a₀. Tl has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 509 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 81 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Thallium (Tl) is 3.4. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Thallium is 0.00059. The Quantum Numbers of Tl is 2P1/2. The Space Group of Element 81 is 194 (P63/mmc).
| Gas Basicity | |
|---|---|
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Allotropes | |
| Neutron Cross Section | 3.4
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00059
|
| Quantum Numbers | 2P1/2 |
| Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Isotopes of Thallium
| Stable Isotopes | 2 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 41 |
| Natural Isotopes | 2 |
176Tl
| Mass Number | 176 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 95 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 6.2 ± 2.3 ms
|
| Spin | 3 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2004 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
| α (α emission) | |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) |
177Tl
| Mass Number | 177 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 96 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 18 ± 5 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1999 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 73% |
| p (proton emission) |
178Tl
| Mass Number | 178 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 97 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 255 ± 9 ms
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1997 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 62% |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 38% |
| β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.15% |
179Tl
| Mass Number | 179 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 98 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 437 ± 9 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1983 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 60% |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) |
180Tl
| Mass Number | 180 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 99 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.09 ± 0.01 s
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1987 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 93% |
| α (α emission) | 7% |
| β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.0032% |
181Tl
| Mass Number | 181 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 100 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.9 ± 0.1 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1996 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
| α (α emission) | 8.6% |
182Tl
| Mass Number | 182 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 101 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.9 ± 0.1 s
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1991 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| α (α emission) | 0.49% |
| β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 3.4% |
183Tl
| Mass Number | 183 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 102 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 6.9 ± 0.7 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1980 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
| α (α emission) |
184Tl
| Mass Number | 184 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 103 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 9.5 ± 0.2 s
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1976 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 98.78% |
| α (α emission) | 1.22% |
185Tl
| Mass Number | 185 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 104 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 19.5 ± 0.5 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1976 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| α (α emission) |
186Tl
| Mass Number | 186 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 105 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.5 ± 0.5 s
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1975 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
| α (α emission) |
187Tl
| Mass Number | 187 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 106 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.08 ± 0.12
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1976 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| α (α emission) |
188Tl
| Mass Number | 188 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 107 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 71 ± 2 s
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1970 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
189Tl
| Mass Number | 189 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 108 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.3 ± 0.2 m
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1972 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
190Tl
| Mass Number | 190 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 109 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.6 ± 0.3 m
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1970 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
191Tl
| Mass Number | 191 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 110 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.164 ± 0.008
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1974 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) |
192Tl
| Mass Number | 192 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 111 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.0995 ± 0.0015
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 9.6 ± 0.4 m
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1961 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
193Tl
| Mass Number | 193 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 112 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.17 ± 0.006
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 21.6 ± 0.8 m
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1960 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
194Tl
| Mass Number | 194 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 113 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.0695 ± 0.0015
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 33 ± 0.5 m
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.282 ± 0.007
|
| Discovery Year | 1960 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| α (α emission) |
195Tl
| Mass Number | 195 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 114 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.14 ± 0.08
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.16 ± 0.05 h
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1955 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
196Tl
| Mass Number | 196 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 115 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.036 ± 0.0015
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.84 ± 0.03 h
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.178 ± 0.014
|
| Discovery Year | 1955 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
197Tl
| Mass Number | 197 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 116 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.14 ± 0.04
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.84 ± 0.04 h
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1955 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
198Tl
| Mass Number | 198 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 117 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0 ± 0.005
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.3 ± 0.5 h
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1949 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
199Tl
| Mass Number | 199 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 118 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.18 ± 0.04
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 7.42 ± 0.08 h
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1949 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
200Tl
| Mass Number | 200 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 119 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.02 ± 0.005
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 26.1 ± 0.1 h
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1949 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
201Tl
| Mass Number | 201 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 120 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.198 ± 0.006
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.0421 ± 0.0008 d
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1950 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
202Tl
| Mass Number | 202 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 121 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.03 ± 0.005
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 12.31 ± 0.08 d
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1940 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
203Tl
| Mass Number | 203 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 122 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | 29.515 ± 0.044
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1931 |
| Parity | + |
204Tl
| Mass Number | 204 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 123 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.045 ± 0.005
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.783 ± 0.012 y
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1953 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 97.08% |
| EC+B+ | 2.92% |
205Tl
| Mass Number | 205 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 124 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | 70.485 ± 0.044
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1931 |
| Parity | + |
206Tl
| Mass Number | 206 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 125 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.202 ± 0.011 m
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1935 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
207Tl
| Mass Number | 207 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 126 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.738 ± 0.01
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.77 ± 0.02 m
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1908 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
208Tl
| Mass Number | 208 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 127 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.0582 ± 0.0026
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.053 ± 0.004 m
|
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1909 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
209Tl
| Mass Number | 209 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 128 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.162 ± 0.007 m
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1950 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
210Tl
| Mass Number | 210 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 129 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.3 ± 0.03 m
|
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1909 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.009% |
211Tl
| Mass Number | 211 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 130 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 81 ± 16 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1998 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.2% |
212Tl
| Mass Number | 212 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 131 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 31 ± 8 s
|
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1998 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.8% |
213Tl
| Mass Number | 213 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 132 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 23.8 ± 4.4 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2010 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7.6% |
214Tl
| Mass Number | 214 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 133 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 11 ± 2.4 s
|
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2010 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 34% |
215Tl
| Mass Number | 215 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 134 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 9.7 ± 3.8 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2010 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 4.6% |
216Tl
| Mass Number | 216 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 135 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.9 ± 3.3 s
|
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2010 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 11.5% |
217Tl
| Mass Number | 217 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 136 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2010 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
218Tl
| Mass Number | 218 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 137 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 6 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
History
Thallium was discovered spectroscopically by Sir William Crookes in 1861, in London. In 1862, Claude-Auguste Lamy used a spectrometer to determine the composition of a selenium-containing substance which was deposited during the production of sulfuric acid from pyrite. He noticed the new green line in the spectra and concluded that a new element was present. From Greek thallos, meanin a green shoot or twig
| Discoverers | Sir William Crookes |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | England |
| Discovery Year | 1861 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum. |
| Pronunciation | THAL-i-em (English) |
Thallium and its compounds are highly toxic
Agatha Christie made use of thallium's toxicity in her novel The Pale Horse
Uses
Thallium selenide has been used in a bolometer for infrared detection. Thallium is also used in gamma radiation detection equipment. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction, and is used in the manufacture of photo cells. Some of the electrodes in dissolved oxygen analyzers contain thallium. Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation.
Sources
Found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of lead and zinc refining.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 0.85 mg/kg
|
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 0.000019 mg/L
|
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | |
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.0000078 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.0000001 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.00000005 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 1.5591 |
| 2 | p | 4.5138 |
| 2 | s | 21.3158 |
| 3 | d | 13.4658 |
| 3 | p | 22.6335 |
| 3 | s | 23.5809 |
| 4 | d | 37.6112 |
| 4 | f | 38.1324 |
| 4 | p | 35.7832 |
| 4 | s | 34.9212 |
| 5 | d | 58.975 |
| 5 | p | 53.9115 |
| 5 | s | 51.878 |
| 6 | p | 68.7462 |
| 6 | s | 68.1804 |
Also Known As
- Tl
- element 81
- 81Tl
Translations
- Polishtal
- Frenchthallium
- Italiantallio
- Norwegian Bokmålthallium
- Spanishtalio
- Esperantotaliumo
- Norwegian Nynorskthallium
- Hungariantallium
- GermanThallium
- Czechthallium
- Amharicታሊየም
- AragoneseTalio
- Arabicثاليوم
- AzerbaijaniTallium
- BelarusianТалій
- Bulgarianталий
- Banglaথ্যালিয়াম
- BretonTaliom
- Bosniantalij
- Catalantal·li
- CorsicanTalliu
- ChuvashТалли
- WelshThaliwm
- Danishthallium
- Greekθάλλιο
- Estoniantallium
- Basquetalio
- Persianتالیم
- Finnishtallium
- FriulianTali
- IrishTailliam
- Galiciantalio
- ManxThallium
- Hakka Chinesethallium
- Hebrewתליום
- Fiji HindiThallium
- Croatiantalij
- Haitian CreoleTalyòm
- Armenianթալիում
- InterlinguaThallium
- Indonesiantalium
- Idotalio
- Icelandicþallín
- Japaneseタリウム
- Lojbanjinmrtali
- Georgianთალიუმი
- KazakhТаллий
- Kannadaಥಾಲಿಯಮ್
- Korean탈륨
- KurdishTalyûm
- KomiТаллий
- Latinthallium
- LuxembourgishThallium
- LigurianTallio
- Lithuaniantalis
- Latviantallijs
- Macedonianталиум
- Malayalamതാലിയം
- Marathiथालियम
- Western MariТаллий
- MalayTalium
- Dutchthallium
- OccitanTalli
- Western Panjabiتھیلیم
- Portuguesetálio
- QuechuaThalyu
- Romaniantaliu
- Russianталлий
- Siciliantalliu
- Serbo-CroatianTalijum
- Slovaktálium
- Sloveniantalij
- Serbianталијум
- Saterland FrisianThallium
- Swedishtallium
- SwahiliTali
- Tamilதாலியம்
- Thaiแทลเลียม
- Turkishtalyum
- Ukrainianталій
- Urduتھیلیئم
- VepsTallii
- Vietnamesetali
- WarayTalyo
- KalmykТаллиум
- Yiddishטאליום
- YorubaThallium
- Chinese铊
- UzbekTalliy
- CebuanoTalyo
- Central Kurdishتالیۆم
- Odiaଥାଲିଅମ
- Gujaratiથેલીયમ
- Punjabiਥੈਲੀਅਮ
- PiedmonteseTalio
- TatarТаллий
- Scotsthallium
- Northern FrisianThallium
- Hindiथैलियम
- Cantonese鉈
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)таль
- Literary Chinese鉈
- AlbanianTaliumi
- Chinese (China)铊
- Chinese (Simplified)铊
- Chinese (Traditional)鉈
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)鉈
- Chinese (Taiwan)鉈
- AromanianTaliu
- cdothallium
- LimburgishThallium
- Nepaliथ्यालियम
- Burmeseသယ်လီယမ်
- Maltesetallju
- LombardTàlio
- Scottish GaelicTailium
- Newariथ्यालियम
- Sanskritथ्यालियम
- KyrgyzТаллий
- Paliथ्यालियम
- Teluguథాలియం
- Min Nan ChineseThallium
- AsturianTaliu
- AfrikaansTallium
- Bhojpuriथैलियम
- Tibetanབེལ་ལིམ
- Portuguese (Brazil)tálio
- Bashkirталлий
- Lingua Franca Novatalio
- Low GermanThallium
- TagalogTalyo
- kbpTaalɩyɔm
- Mongolianталли
- Wu Chinese铊
- oloTallii
- TajikТаллий
- Uyghurتاللىي
- SardinianTàlliu
- Moroccan Arabicطاليوم
- Egyptian Arabicثاليوم
- Pashtoتاليوم
- CornishThaliom
- BalineseThallium
- BikolTalyo
