Atomic Number | 82 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 207.2 |
Mass Number | 208 |
Group | 14 |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | p |
Protons | 82 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 126 n0 |
Electrons | 82 e- |
Atomic Radius | 180 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 18.3 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 144 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 150 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 98 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 112 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 202 pm
|
Density | 11.3 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.35674316 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 7.4166796 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 177.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 4.77 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 195.2 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |
Valence Electrons | 4 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
Oxidation States | -4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 1.8
|
Electrophilicity | 1.069876866442547 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 2,022.15 K
|
Melting Point | 600.612 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Slate Gray
|
Appearance | metallic gray |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 35.3 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000289 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 26.84 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.13 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 4.8 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000021 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 7.2 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000015 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000311 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.000017
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
Lattice Constant | 4.95 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 1.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 46 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 5.6 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 16 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.44
|
Speed of Sound | 1,260 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Post-transition metals, Poor metals |
CAS Group | IVB |
IUPAC Group | IVA |
Glawe Number | 82 |
Mendeleev Number | 91 |
Pettifor Number | 82 |
Geochemical Class | |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.171
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00003
|
Quantum Numbers | 3P0 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 4 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 39 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 39 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 178 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 250 ± 80 us
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2001 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 179 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.7 ± 0.2 ms
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 180 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.1 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 181 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 39 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 182 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 55 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 183 |
G-Factor | -0.76933333333333 ± 0.0033333333333333
|
Half Life | 535 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 184 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 490 ± 25 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 80% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 185 |
G-Factor | -0.758 ± 0.0033333333333333
|
Half Life | 6.3 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 66% |
α (α emission) | 34% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 186 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.82 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
α (α emission) | 40% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 187 |
G-Factor | -0.748 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 15.2 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 90.5% |
α (α emission) | 9.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 188 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 25.1 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 91.5% |
α (α emission) | 8.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 189 |
G-Factor | -0.718 ± 0.006
|
Half Life | 39 ± 8 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.58% |
α (α emission) | 0.42% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 190 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 71 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.6% |
α (α emission) | 0.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 191 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.33 ± 0.08 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.51% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 192 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.5 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.0059% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 193 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 194 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 10.7 ± 0.6 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 7.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 195 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 15 ± 1.4 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 196 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 37 ± 3 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 197 |
G-Factor | -0.71453333333333 ± 0.0015333333333333
|
Half Life | 8.1 ± 1.7 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.08 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 198 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.4 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 199 |
G-Factor | -0.7138 ± 0.00093333333333333
|
Half Life | 90 ± 10 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.08 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 200 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 21.5 ± 0.4 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 201 |
G-Factor | 0.26924 ± 0.00024
|
Half Life | 9.33 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.01 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 202 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 52.5 ± 2.8 ky
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 203 |
G-Factor | 0.27364 ± 0.00024
|
Half Life | 51.924 ± 0.015 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1942 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 1.4 ± 0.6
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 204 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1932 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 205 |
G-Factor | 0.28376 ± 0.00024
|
Half Life | 17 ± 0.9 My
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 24.1 ± 3
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 206 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1927 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | 22.1 ± 5
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 207 |
G-Factor | 1.1812 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1927 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | 52.4 ± 7
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 208 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1927 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 209 |
G-Factor | -0.32635555555556 ± 0.00042222222222222
|
Half Life | 3.235 ± 0.005 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.27 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 210 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 22.2 ± 0.22 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1900 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 1.9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 211 |
G-Factor | -0.31091111111111 ± 0.00026666666666667
|
Half Life | 36.1628 ± 0.0025 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.09 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1904 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 212 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 10.627 ± 0.006 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1905 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 213 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 10.2 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 214 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 27.06 ± 0.07 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1904 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 215 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 142 ± 11 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 216 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.66 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 217 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 19.9 ± 5.3 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 218 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 14.8 ± 6.8 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 219 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Metallic lead beads dating back to 6400 BC have been found in Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey. The Romans also used lead in molten form to secure iron pins that held together large limestone blocks in certain monumental buildings. In alchemy, lead was thought to be the oldest metal and was associated with the planet Saturn. From the Latin word plumbum
Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
---|---|
Discovery Location | |
Discovery Year | |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum. |
Pronunciation | LED (English) |
1 | s | 1.5805 |
2 | p | 4.5234 |
2 | s | 21.57 |
3 | d | 13.4533 |
3 | p | 22.8505 |
3 | s | 23.8477 |
4 | d | 37.6804 |
4 | f | 38.0312 |
4 | p | 35.9664 |
4 | s | 35.1072 |
5 | d | 58.848 |
5 | p | 53.97 |
5 | s | 51.8685 |
6 | p | 69.607 |
6 | s | 67.9 |