Lead (Pb)
Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.
| Atomic Number | 82 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 207.2 |
| Mass Number | 208 |
| Group | 14 |
|---|---|
| Period | 6 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 82 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 126 n0 |
| Electrons | 82 e- |
Properties
| Atomic Radius | 180 pm
|
|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 18.3 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 144 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | 150 pm
|
| Ionic Radius | 98 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 112.00000000000001 pm
|
| Van der Waals radius |
202 pm
|
| Density | 11.3 g/cm³
|
| Boiling Point | 2,013 K
|
| Melting Point | 600.65 K
|
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |
| Electronegativity |
1.8
|
| Electrophilicity | 1.0698768664426 eV/particle
|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | 0.35674316 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Potential | 7.4166796 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 177.8 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 4.77 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 195.2 kJ/mol
|
| Molar Heat Capacity | 26.84 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.13 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Thermal Conductivity | 35.3 W/(m K)
|
| Gas Basicity | |
| Dipole Polarizability | 47 a₀
|
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Oxidation States | -4, 2, 4 |
| Color | Slate Gray
|
| Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
| Lattice Constant | 4.95 Å
|
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Allotropes | |
| Alternate Names | |
| Adiabatic Index | |
| Appearance | |
| Electric Conductivity | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Curie Point | |
| Electrical | |
| Hardness | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
| Magnetic | |
| Neel Point | |
| Neutron Cross Section | |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | |
| Gas Phase | |
| Quantum Numbers | |
| Refractive Index | |
| Space Group | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Valence Electrons | |
| Classification | |
| Category | Post-transition metals, Poor metals |
| CAS Group | IVB |
| IUPAC Group | IVA |
| Glawe Number | 82 |
| Mendeleev Number | 91 |
| Pettifor Number | 82 |
| Geochemical Class | |
| Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
| Radioactivity | |
| Radioactive | No |
| Decay Mode | |
| Half-Life | |
| Lifetime | |
| Abundance | |
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 14 mg/kg
|
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.00003 mg/L
|
| Abundance in Human Body | |
| Abundance in Meteor | |
| Abundance in Sun | |
| Abundance in Universe | 1×10-6% |
Isotopes of Lead
Stable Isotopes
204Pb 206Pb 207Pb 208Pb
Unstable Isotopes
178Pb 179Pb 180Pb 181Pb 182Pb 183Pb 184Pb 185Pb 186Pb 187Pb 188Pb 189Pb 190Pb 191Pb 192Pb 193Pb 194Pb 195Pb 196Pb 197Pb 198Pb 199Pb 200Pb 201Pb 202Pb 203Pb 205Pb 209Pb 210Pb 211Pb 212Pb 213Pb 214Pb 215Pb
History
Metallic lead beads dating back to 6400 BC have been found in Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey. The Romans also used lead in molten form to secure iron pins that held together large limestone blocks in certain monumental buildings. In alchemy, lead was thought to be the oldest metal and was associated with the planet Saturn. From the Latin word plumbum
| Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Name Origin | Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum. |
Lead and its compounds are poisonous
Pencil leads in wooden pencils have never been made from lead
Uses
Large quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Lead is used as electrodes in the process of electrolysis. It is added to brass to reduce machine tool wear. Lead, in either pure form or alloyed with tin, or antimony is the traditional material for bullets and shot in firearms use. Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.
Sources
Found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.