Lead (Pb)

Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.

Atomic Number	82
Atomic Weight	207.2
Mass Number	208

Group	14
Period	6
Block	p

Protons	82 p⁺
Neutrons	126 n⁰
Electrons	82 e^-

Properties

Energy
Atomic Radius	180 pm 249 pm
Molar Volume	18.3 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	144 pm 135 pm 137 pm 146 pm
Metallic Radius	150 pm 170 pm
Ionic Radius	98 pm 119 pm 123 pm 129 pm 135 pm 140 pm 145 pm 149 pm 65 pm 73 pm 77.5 pm 94 pm
Crystal Radius	112 pm 133 pm 137 pm 143 pm 149 pm 154 pm 159 pm 163 pm 79 pm 87 pm 91.5 pm 108 pm
Van der Waals Radius	230 pm 202 pm 202 pm 274 pm 429.7 pm
Density	11.3 g/cm³ 10,660 kg/m³
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity	0.35674316 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	7.4166796 eV/particle 15.032498 eV/particle 31.9373 eV/particle 42.33256 eV/particle 68.8 eV/particle 82.9 eV/particle 100.1 eV/particle 120 eV/particle 138 eV/particle 158 eV/particle 182 eV/particle 203 eV/particle 224 eV/particle 245.1 eV/particle 338.1 eV/particle 374 eV/particle 401 eV/particle 428 eV/particle 478 eV/particle 507 eV/particle 570 eV/particle 610 eV/particle 650 eV/particle 690 eV/particle 750 eV/particle 810 eV/particle 870 eV/particle 930 eV/particle 990 eV/particle 1,050 eV/particle 1,120 eV/particle 1,180 eV/particle 1,000 eV/particle 1,300 eV/particle 1,400 eV/particle 1,430 eV/particle 1,704 eV/particle 1,760 eV/particle 1,819 eV/particle 1,884 eV/particle 1,945 eV/particle 2,004 eV/particle 2,101 eV/particle 2,163 eV/particle 2,230 eV/particle 2,292 eV/particle 2,543 eV/particle 2,605 eV/particle 2,671 eV/particle 2,735 eV/particle 2,965 eV/particle 3,036 eV/particle 3,211 eV/particle 3,282.1 eV/particle 5,414 eV/particle 5,555 eV/particle 5,703 eV/particle 5,862 eV/particle 6,015 eV/particle 6,160 eV/particle 6,442 eV/particle 6,597 eV/particle 6,767 eV/particle 6,924 eV/particle 7,362 eV/particle 7,500 eV/particle 7,650 eV/particle 7,790 eV/particle 8,520 eV/particle 8,680 eV/particle 9,000 eV/particle 9,150 eV/particle 19,590 eV/particle 19,970 eV/particle 20,380 eV/particle 20,750 eV/particle 23,460 eV/particle 23,940 eV/particle 24,550 eV/particle 24,938 eV/particle 99,491.85 eV/particle 101,336.4 eV/particle
Heat of Vaporization	177.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	4.77 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	195.2 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Valence Electrons	4
Electron Configuration	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²
Oxidation States	-4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegativity	10.97 eV/particle 0.177911 1.8
Electrophilicity	1.069876866442547 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	2,022.15 K
Melting Point	600.612 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Color	Slate Gray #ff1493 #575961 #575961
Appearance	metallic gray
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	35.3 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000289 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	26.84 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.13 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	4.8 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000021 m Ω
Superconducting Point	7.2 K
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000015 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000311 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.000017
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Lattice Constant	4.95 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Hardness	38.3 MPa 1.5 MPa
Bulk Modulus	46 GPa
Shear Modulus	5.6 GPa
Young Modulus	16 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.44
Speed of Sound	1,260 m/s
Classification
Category	Post-transition metals, Poor metals
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	82
Mendeleev Number	91
Pettifor Number	82
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt Class	chalcophile
Other
Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	47 ± 3 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	534 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	0.171
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.00003
Quantum Numbers	3P0
Space Group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Lead

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	39
Radioactive Isotopes	39

¹⁷⁸Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	178.003836171 ± 0.000024889 Da
Mass Number	178
G-Factor	0
Half Life	250 ± 80 us
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2001
Parity	+

¹⁷⁸Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁷⁹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	179.002202492 ± 0.000087203 Da
Mass Number	179
G-Factor
Half Life	2.7 ± 0.2 ms
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	-

¹⁷⁹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%

¹⁸⁰Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	179.997916177 ± 0.000013306 Da
Mass Number	180
G-Factor	0
Half Life	4.1 ± 0.3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1996
Parity	+

¹⁸⁰Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%

¹⁸¹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	180.9966606 ± 0.00009129 Da
Mass Number	181
G-Factor
Half Life	39 ± 0.8 ms
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1989
Parity	-

¹⁸¹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁸²Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	181.992673537 ± 0.000012975 Da
Mass Number	182
G-Factor	0
Half Life	55 ± 5 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1986
Parity	+

¹⁸²Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁸³Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	182.991862527 ± 0.00003111 Da
Mass Number	183
G-Factor	-0.76933333333333 ± 0.0033333333333333
Half Life	535 ± 30 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	-

¹⁸³Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁸⁴Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	183.988135634 ± 0.000013743 Da
Mass Number	184
G-Factor	0
Half Life	490 ± 25 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	+

¹⁸⁴Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	80%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁸⁵Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	184.98761 ± 0.000017364 Da
Mass Number	185
G-Factor	-0.758 ± 0.0033333333333333
Half Life	6.3 ± 0.4 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1975
Parity	-

¹⁸⁵Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	66%
α (α emission)	34%

¹⁸⁶Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	185.984239409 ± 0.000011813 Da
Mass Number	186
G-Factor	0
Half Life	4.82 ± 0.03 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

¹⁸⁶Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%
α (α emission)	40%

¹⁸⁷Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	186.983910842 ± 0.000005468 Da
Mass Number	187
G-Factor	-0.748 ± 0.002
Half Life	15.2 ± 0.3 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

¹⁸⁷Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	90.5%
α (α emission)	9.5%

¹⁸⁸Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	187.980879079 ± 0.000010868 Da
Mass Number	188
G-Factor	0
Half Life	25.1 ± 0.1 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

¹⁸⁸Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	91.5%
α (α emission)	8.5%

¹⁸⁹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	188.980843658 ± 0.000015096 Da
Mass Number	189
G-Factor	-0.718 ± 0.006
Half Life	39 ± 8 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

¹⁸⁹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	99.58%
α (α emission)	0.42%

¹⁹⁰Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	189.978081872 ± 0.000013434 Da
Mass Number	190
G-Factor	0
Half Life	71 ± 1 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

¹⁹⁰Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	99.6%
α (α emission)	0.4%

¹⁹¹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	190.978216455 ± 0.000007099 Da
Mass Number	191
G-Factor
Half Life	1.33 ± 0.08 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	-

¹⁹¹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	0.51%

¹⁹²Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	191.975789598 ± 0.000006147 Da
Mass Number	192
G-Factor	0
Half Life	3.5 ± 0.1 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	+

¹⁹²Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	0.0059%

¹⁹³Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	192.976135914 ± 0.000011044 Da
Mass Number	193
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	-

¹⁹³Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	%

¹⁹⁴Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	193.974011788 ± 0.000018717 Da
Mass Number	194
G-Factor	0
Half Life	10.7 ± 0.6 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1960
Parity	+

¹⁹⁴Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	7.3%

¹⁹⁵Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	194.974516167 ± 0.000005461 Da
Mass Number	195
G-Factor
Half Life	15 ± 1.4 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1957
Parity	-

¹⁹⁵Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹⁶Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	195.972787552 ± 0.000008277 Da
Mass Number	196
G-Factor	0
Half Life	37 ± 3 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1957
Parity	+

¹⁹⁶Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	3%

¹⁹⁷Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	196.973434737 ± 0.000005157 Da
Mass Number	197
G-Factor	-0.71453333333333 ± 0.0015333333333333
Half Life	8.1 ± 1.7 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.08 ± 0.17
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	-

¹⁹⁷Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹⁸Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	197.97201545 ± 0.000009393 Da
Mass Number	198
G-Factor	0
Half Life	2.4 ± 0.1 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	+

¹⁹⁸Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹⁹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	198.97291262 ± 0.000007322 Da
Mass Number	199
G-Factor	-0.7138 ± 0.00093333333333333
Half Life	90 ± 10 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.08 ± 0.09
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	-

¹⁹⁹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

²⁰⁰Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	199.971818546 ± 0.000010744 Da
Mass Number	200
G-Factor	0
Half Life	21.5 ± 0.4 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	+

²⁰⁰Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

²⁰¹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	200.972870431 ± 0.000014758 Da
Mass Number	201
G-Factor	0.26924 ± 0.00024
Half Life	9.33 ± 0.03 h
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.01 ± 0.04
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	-

²⁰¹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

²⁰²Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	201.972151613 ± 0.000004075 Da
Mass Number	202
G-Factor	0
Half Life	52.5 ± 2.8 ky
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1954
Parity	+

²⁰²Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

²⁰³Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	202.973390617 ± 0.000007036 Da
Mass Number	203
G-Factor	0.27364 ± 0.00024
Half Life	51.924 ± 0.015 h
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.1 ± 0.05
Discovery Year	1942
Parity	-

²⁰³Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

²⁰⁴Pb

Abundance	1.4 ± 0.6
Relative Atomic Mass	203.973043506 ± 0.000001231 Da
Mass Number	204
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1932
Parity	+

²⁰⁴Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	%

²⁰⁵Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	204.974481682 ± 0.000001228 Da
Mass Number	205
G-Factor	0.28376 ± 0.00024
Half Life	17 ± 0.9 My
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.23 ± 0.04
Discovery Year	1954
Parity	-

²⁰⁵Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

²⁰⁶Pb

Abundance	24.1 ± 3
Relative Atomic Mass	205.97446521 ± 0.000001228 Da
Mass Number	206
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1927
Parity	+

²⁰⁶Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	%

²⁰⁷Pb

Abundance	22.1 ± 5
Relative Atomic Mass	206.975896821 ± 0.000001231 Da
Mass Number	207
G-Factor	1.1812 ± 0.0008
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1927
Parity	-

²⁰⁷Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	%

²⁰⁸Pb

Abundance	52.4 ± 7
Relative Atomic Mass	207.976652005 ± 0.000001232 Da
Mass Number	208
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1927
Parity	+

²⁰⁸Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	%

²⁰⁹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	208.981089978 ± 0.000001875 Da
Mass Number	209
G-Factor	-0.32635555555556 ± 0.00042222222222222
Half Life	3.235 ± 0.005 h
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.27 ± 0.17
Discovery Year	1940
Parity	+

²⁰⁹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁰Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	209.984188381 ± 0.000001554 Da
Mass Number	210
G-Factor	0
Half Life	22.2 ± 0.22 y
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1900
Parity	+

²¹⁰Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
α (α emission)	1.9%

²¹¹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	210.988735288 ± 0.000002426 Da
Mass Number	211
G-Factor	-0.31091111111111 ± 0.00026666666666667
Half Life	36.1628 ± 0.0025 m
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.09 ± 0.06
Discovery Year	1904
Parity	+

²¹¹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹²Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	211.991895891 ± 0.000001975 Da
Mass Number	212
G-Factor	0
Half Life	10.627 ± 0.006 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1905
Parity	+

²¹²Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹³Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	212.996560796 ± 0.000007465 Da
Mass Number	213
G-Factor
Half Life	10.2 ± 0.3 m
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1964
Parity	+

²¹³Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁴Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	213.999803521 ± 0.000002114 Da
Mass Number	214
G-Factor	0
Half Life	27.06 ± 0.07 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1904
Parity	+

²¹⁴Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁵Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	215.004661591 ± 0.00005656 Da
Mass Number	215
G-Factor
Half Life	142 ± 11 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1998
Parity	+

²¹⁵Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁶Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	216.008062 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	216
G-Factor	0
Half Life	1.66 ± 0.2 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

²¹⁶Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁷Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	217.013162 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	217
G-Factor
Half Life	19.9 ± 5.3 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

²¹⁷Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁸Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	218.016779 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	218
G-Factor	0
Half Life	14.8 ± 6.8 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2009
Parity	+

²¹⁸Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁹Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	219.022136 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	219
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	11/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2009
Parity	+

²¹⁹Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%

²²⁰Pb

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	220.025905 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	220
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

²²⁰Pb Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%

History

Metallic lead beads dating back to 6400 BC have been found in Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey. The Romans also used lead in molten form to secure iron pins that held together large limestone blocks in certain monumental buildings. In alchemy, lead was thought to be the oldest metal and was associated with the planet Saturn. From the Latin word plumbum

Discoverers	Known to the ancients.
Discovery Location
Discovery Year
Etymology (Name Origin)	Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum.
Pronunciation	LED (English)

Lead and its compounds are poisonous

Pencil leads in wooden pencils have never been made from lead

Uses

Large quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Lead is used as electrodes in the process of electrolysis. It is added to brass to reduce machine tool wear. Lead, in either pure form or alloyed with tin, or antimony is the traditional material for bullets and shot in firearms use. Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.

Sources

Found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	14 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.00003 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body	0.00017 %
Abundance in Meteor	0.00014 %
Abundance in Sun	0.000001 %
Abundance in Universe	0.000001 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	1.5805
2	p	4.5234
2	s	21.57
3	d	13.4533
3	p	22.8505
3	s	23.8477
4	d	37.6804
4	f	38.0312
4	p	35.9664
4	s	35.1072
5	d	58.848
5	p	53.97
5	s	51.8685
6	p	69.607
6	s	67.9

Lead on ChemicalAid

ABC News topic ID	lead
AGROVOC ID	c_4235
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300011022
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3537
BNCF Thesaurus ID	17757
Banglapedia ID (Bengali)	সীসা
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX529699
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	119567697
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	blei-20
CA PROP 65 ID	lead-and-lead-compounds
CAS Registry Number	7439-92-1
Canadian Encyclopedia article ID	lead
ChEBI ID	27889
ChemSpider ID	4509317
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID804161
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID2024161
Den Store Danske ID	bly
EAGLE id	material/lod/108
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.273
Encyclopedia of China ID (Third Edition)	190899
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/lead-chemical-element
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	plomb
EuroVoc ID	2428
Freebase ID	/m/025r_0t
French Vikidia ID	Plomb
GND ID	4145879-5
Google Arts & Culture entity ID	m025r_0t
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0132742
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	3541027
Grove Art Online ID	T049755
HSDB ID	231
ICSC ID	0052
InChI	InChI=1S/Pb
InChIKey	WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Lead
KEGG ID	C06696
Klexikon article ID	Blei
LEM ID	LEM201007250
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85075435
MeSH descriptor ID	D007854
NALT ID	44817
NKCR AUT ID	ph123730
Namuwiki ID	납
National Diet Library ID	00568006
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007560411305171
New York Times topic ID	subject/lead
Nomisma ID	pb
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	2119
PACTOLS thesaurus ID	pcrtEpGlZykUTy
PSH ID	5800
PatientsLikeMe treatment ID	plumbum
PubChem CID	5352425
RKD thesaurus ID	44871
RxNorm ID	6260
STW Thesaurus for Economics ID	14294-1
Spanish Cultural Heritage thesauri ID	materias/1000930
Store medisinske leksikon ID	bly
Store norske leksikon ID	bly
Treccani ID	piombo
U.S. National Archives Identifier	10663134
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/3376
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	11268
UNESCO Thesaurus ID	concept13281
UNII	2P299V784P
UNSPSC Code	11101714
WikiSkripta ID	33765
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Mineral", "Lead"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14667645-n
YSO ID	15486
ZVG number	8510

Lead (Pb)

Properties

Isotopes of Lead

178Pb

178Pb Decay Modes

179Pb

179Pb Decay Modes

180Pb

180Pb Decay Modes

181Pb

181Pb Decay Modes

182Pb

182Pb Decay Modes

183Pb

183Pb Decay Modes

184Pb

184Pb Decay Modes

185Pb

185Pb Decay Modes

186Pb

186Pb Decay Modes

187Pb

187Pb Decay Modes

188Pb

188Pb Decay Modes

189Pb

189Pb Decay Modes

190Pb

190Pb Decay Modes

191Pb

191Pb Decay Modes

192Pb

192Pb Decay Modes

193Pb

193Pb Decay Modes

194Pb

194Pb Decay Modes

195Pb

195Pb Decay Modes

196Pb

196Pb Decay Modes

197Pb

197Pb Decay Modes

198Pb

198Pb Decay Modes

199Pb

199Pb Decay Modes

200Pb

200Pb Decay Modes

201Pb

201Pb Decay Modes

202Pb

202Pb Decay Modes

203Pb

203Pb Decay Modes

204Pb

204Pb Decay Modes

205Pb

205Pb Decay Modes

206Pb

206Pb Decay Modes

207Pb

207Pb Decay Modes

208Pb

208Pb Decay Modes

209Pb

209Pb Decay Modes

210Pb

210Pb Decay Modes

211Pb

211Pb Decay Modes

212Pb

212Pb Decay Modes

213Pb

213Pb Decay Modes

214Pb

214Pb Decay Modes

215Pb

215Pb Decay Modes

216Pb