Atomic Number | 81 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 204.38 |
Mass Number | 205 |
Group | 13 |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | p |
Protons | 81 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 124 n0 |
Electrons | 81 e- |
Atomic Radius | 190 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 17.2 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 144 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 144 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 150 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 164 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 196 pm
|
Density | 11.8 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.377 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.108287 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 162.4 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 4.31 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 182.2 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 |
Valence Electrons | 3 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 |
Oxidation States | -5, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity |
1.8
|
Electrophilicity | 0.9173102715055317 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,746.15 K
|
Melting Point | 577.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 46.1 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000299 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 26.32 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.129 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 6.7 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000015 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 2.38 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.000000003 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000613 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000356
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.46 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 1.2 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 43 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 2.8 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 8 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.45
|
Speed of Sound | 818 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Post-transition metals, Poor metals |
CAS Group | IIIB |
IUPAC Group | IIIA |
Glawe Number | 81 |
Mendeleev Number | 85 |
Pettifor Number | 78 |
Geochemical Class | |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 3.4
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00059
|
Quantum Numbers | 2P1/2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 41 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 41 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 176 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.2 ± 2.3 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2004 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 177 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 18 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 73% |
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 178 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 255 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 62% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 38% |
β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.15% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 179 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 437 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 60% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 180 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.09 ± 0.01 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 93% |
α (α emission) | 7% |
β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.0032% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 181 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.9 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
α (α emission) | 8.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 182 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.9 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.49% |
β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 3.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 183 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.9 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 184 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 9.5 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 98.78% |
α (α emission) | 1.22% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 185 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 19.5 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 186 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.5 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 187 |
G-Factor | 3.08 ± 0.12
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 188 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 71 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 189 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.3 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 190 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.6 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 191 |
G-Factor | 3.164 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 192 |
G-Factor | 0.0995 ± 0.0015
|
Half Life | 9.6 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 193 |
G-Factor | 3.17 ± 0.006
|
Half Life | 21.6 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 194 |
G-Factor | 0.0695 ± 0.0015
|
Half Life | 33 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.282 ± 0.007
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 195 |
G-Factor | 3.14 ± 0.08
|
Half Life | 1.16 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 196 |
G-Factor | 0.036 ± 0.0015
|
Half Life | 1.84 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.178 ± 0.014
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 197 |
G-Factor | 3.14 ± 0.04
|
Half Life | 2.84 ± 0.04 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 198 |
G-Factor | 0 ± 0.005
|
Half Life | 5.3 ± 0.5 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 199 |
G-Factor | 3.18 ± 0.04
|
Half Life | 7.42 ± 0.08 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 200 |
G-Factor | 0.02 ± 0.005
|
Half Life | 26.1 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 201 |
G-Factor | 3.198 ± 0.006
|
Half Life | 3.0421 ± 0.0008 d
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 202 |
G-Factor | 0.03 ± 0.005
|
Half Life | 12.31 ± 0.08 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 29.515 ± 0.044
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 203 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1931 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 204 |
G-Factor | 0.045 ± 0.005
|
Half Life | 3.783 ± 0.012 y
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 97.08% |
EC+B+ | 2.92% |
Abundance | 70.485 ± 0.044
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 205 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1931 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 206 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.202 ± 0.011 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 207 |
G-Factor | 3.738 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 4.77 ± 0.02 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1908 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 208 |
G-Factor | 0.0582 ± 0.0026
|
Half Life | 3.053 ± 0.004 m
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1909 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 209 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.162 ± 0.007 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 210 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.3 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1909 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.009% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 211 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 81 ± 16 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 212 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 31 ± 8 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 213 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 23.8 ± 4.4 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 214 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11 ± 2.4 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 34% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 215 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 9.7 ± 3.8 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 4.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 216 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.9 ± 3.3 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 11.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 217 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 218 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Thallium was discovered spectroscopically by Sir William Crookes in 1861, in London. In 1862, Claude-Auguste Lamy used a spectrometer to determine the composition of a selenium-containing substance which was deposited during the production of sulfuric acid from pyrite. He noticed the new green line in the spectra and concluded that a new element was present. From Greek thallos, meanin a green shoot or twig
Discoverers | Sir William Crookes |
---|---|
Discovery Location | England |
Discovery Year | 1861 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum. |
Pronunciation | THAL-i-em (English) |
Found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of lead and zinc refining.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 0.85 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.000019 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.0000078 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0000001 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.00000005 %
|
1 | s | 1.5591 |
2 | p | 4.5138 |
2 | s | 21.3158 |
3 | d | 13.4658 |
3 | p | 22.6335 |
3 | s | 23.5809 |
4 | d | 37.6112 |
4 | f | 38.1324 |
4 | p | 35.7832 |
4 | s | 34.9212 |
5 | d | 58.975 |
5 | p | 53.9115 |
5 | s | 51.878 |
6 | p | 68.7462 |
6 | s | 68.1804 |