Atomic Number | 69 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 168.93422 |
Mass Number | 169 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 69 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 100 n0 |
Electrons | 69 e- |
Atomic Radius | 175 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 18.1 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 164 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 103 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 117 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
227 pm
|
Density | 9.321 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 1.029 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.18431 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 232 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | 232.2 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity |
1.25
|
Electrophilicity | 1.2616079623752015 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 2,223.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,818.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery gray |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000133 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 27.03 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.16 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.4 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000007 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.00000199 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000336179 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0185488
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | 25 K
|
Neel Point | 56 K
|
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.54 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 45 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 31 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 74 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.21
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 20 |
Mendeleev Number | 37 |
Pettifor Number | 22 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 105
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.025
|
Quantum Numbers | 2F7/2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 38 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 37 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 144 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.3 ± 0.9 us
|
Spin | 10 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 145 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.17 ± 0.2 us
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 146 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 155 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1993 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 147 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 580 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 85% |
p (proton emission) | 15% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 148 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 700 ± 200 ms
|
Spin | 10 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 149 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 900 ± 200 ms
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.26% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 150 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 151 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.17 ± 0.11 s
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 152 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | 1.26 ± 0.02
|
Half Life | 1.48 ± 0.01 s
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.5 ± 1
|
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 91% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | -0.57 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 8.1 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.4 ± 0.9
|
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 54% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 46% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 21.6 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.17% |
α (α emission) | 0.83% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | 0.2 ± 0.015
|
Half Life | 83.8 ± 1.8 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.48 ± 0.11
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.064% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | 0.952 ± 0.03
|
Half Life | 3.63 ± 0.09 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 7.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 0.02 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 3.98 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.74 ± 0.11
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | 1.368 ± 0.012
|
Half Life | 9.13 ± 0.16 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.93 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | 0.16 ± 0.02
|
Half Life | 9.4 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.58 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | 0.68571428571429 ± 0.0057142857142857
|
Half Life | 30.2 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.9 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | 0.068 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 21.7 ± 0.19 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.69 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.81 ± 0.005 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | 2.37 ± 0.03
|
Half Life | 2 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.71 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 61% |
e+ (positron emission) | 39% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | -0.278 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 30.06 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | 0.0463 ± 0.00035
|
Half Life | 7.7 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.14 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | -0.394 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 9.25 ± 0.02 d
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | 0.075666666666667 ± 0.0036666666666667
|
Half Life | 93.1 ± 0.2 d
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 3.23 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β− (β− decay) | 0.01% |
Abundance | 100
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | -0.462 ± 0.003
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | 0.247 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 128.6 ± 0.3 d
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.74 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1936 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 99.869% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 0.131% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 171 |
G-Factor | -0.46 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 1.92 ± 0.01 y
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 172 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 63.6 ± 0.3 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 173 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.24 ± 0.08 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 174 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.4 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 175 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 15.2 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 176 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.85 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 177 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 95 ± 7 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 178 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2008 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 179 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 180 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 181 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 182 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements. The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham. High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s. Named after Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
Discoverers | Per Theodor Cleve |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1879 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From Thule ancient name of Scandinavia. |
Pronunciation | THOO-li-em (English) |
Found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 0.52 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00000017 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.0000029 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.00000002 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.00000001 %
|
1 | s | 1.3437 |
2 | p | 4.3588 |
2 | s | 18.0522 |
3 | d | 13.6257 |
3 | p | 20.5239 |
3 | s | 21.0816 |
4 | d | 36.056 |
4 | f | 40.366 |
4 | p | 33.012 |
4 | s | 31.8624 |
5 | p | 51.272 |
5 | s | 48.963 |
6 | s | 60.4158 |