Atomic Number | 39 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 88.90584 |
Mass Number | 89 |
Group | 3 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | d |
Protons | 39 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 50 n0 |
Electrons | 39 e- |
Atomic Radius | |
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | |
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | |
Crystal Radius | |
Van der Waals Radius | |
Density |
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | |
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | |
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d1 5s2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d1 5s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | 1.22
|
Electrophilicity Index | |
States of Matter | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | |
Melting Point | |
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Yttrium is a Silver. Y has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #94ffff, and MOLCAS GV of #94ffff. The Appearance of Element 39 is silvery white. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Electrical Resistivity | |
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000666 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000005921 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0002978
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Yttrium is HEX. The lattice constant of Y is 3.65 Å. The lattice angles of Element 39 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Yttrium has a Brinell of 589 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Y is 41 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 39 is 26 GPa. The Young Modulus of Yttrium (Y) is 64 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Yttrium is 0.24. The Speed of Sound of Y is 3300 m/s. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young's Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | 0.24
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Yttrium is IIIA. The IUPAC Group of Y is IIIB. The Glawe Number of Element 39 is 21. The Mendeleev Number of Yttrium (Y) is 12. The Pettifor Number of Yttrium is 19. The Geochemical Class of Y is rare earth & related. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 39 is litophile. | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IIIA |
IUPAC Group | IIIB |
Glawe Number | 21 |
Mendeleev Number | 12 |
Pettifor Number | 19 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
The Gas Basicity of Yttrium is 945.9 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Y is 162 plus or minus 12 a₀. Element 39 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 2600 a₀. The Allotropes of Yttrium (Y) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Yttrium is 1.28. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Y is 0.00059. The Quantum Numbers of Element 39 is 2D3/2. The Space Group of Yttrium (Y) is 194 (P63/mmc).
Gas Basicity | |
---|---|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 1.28
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00059
|
Quantum Numbers | 2D3/2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 34 |
Natural Isotopes | 1 |
Mass Number | 75 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 36 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | |
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 76 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 37 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 28 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2001 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
p (proton emission) | |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 77 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 38 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 63 ± 17 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | |
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 78 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 39 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 54 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 79 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 40 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 14.8 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 80 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 41 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 30.1 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 81 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 42 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 70.4 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 82 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 43 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 8.3 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 83 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 44 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 7.08 ± 0.08 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 84 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 45 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 39.5 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 85 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 46 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.68 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 86 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 47 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 14.74 ± 0.02 h
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 87 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 48 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.38 ± 0.04
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 79.8 ± 0.3 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 88 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 49 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.105 ± 0.0025
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 106.629 ± 0.024 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.16 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 89 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 50 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.274596 ± 0.00001
|
Abundance | 100
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Mass Number | 90 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 51 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.814 ± 0.004
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 64.05 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.125 ± 0.011
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 91 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 52 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.3278 ± 0.0016
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 58.51 ± 0.06 d
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 92 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 53 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.335 ± 0.01
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.54 ± 0.01 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 93 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 54 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 10.18 ± 0.08 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 94 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 55 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.12 ± 0.01
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 18.7 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.03 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 95 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 56 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.32 ± 0.06
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 10.3 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 96 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 57 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 5.34 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 97 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 58 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.24 ± 0.02
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.75 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.055% |
Mass Number | 98 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 59 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 548 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.33% |
Mass Number | 99 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 60 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.272 ± 0.008
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.484 ± 0.007 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.55 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.77% |
Mass Number | 100 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 61 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.6875 ± 0.0025
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 940 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 101 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 62 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.288 ± 0.008
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 426 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.53 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.3% |
Mass Number | 102 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 63 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 360 ± 40 ms
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.6% |
Mass Number | 103 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 64 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 239 ± 12 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 8% |
Mass Number | 104 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 65 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 197 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 34% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 105 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 66 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 95 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 82% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 106 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 67 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 75 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 107 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 68 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 33.5 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 108 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 69 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 30 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 109 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 70 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 25 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ytterbite, after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria. Elemental yttrium was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm
Discoverers | Johann Gadolin |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Finland |
Discovery Year | 1789 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found. |
Pronunciation | IT-ri-em (English) |
Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | |
Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
Natural Abundance (Human Body) | |
Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.00019 %
|
Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.000001 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0000007 %
|
1 | s | 0.8244 |
2 | p | 3.9968 |
2 | s | 10.3778 |
3 | d | 13.6029 |
3 | p | 15.9075 |
3 | s | 15.4485 |
4 | d | 23.0416 |
4 | p | 26.2544 |
4 | s | 24.7364 |
5 | s | 32.744 |