Yttrium

Yttrium (Y)

Yttrium is the 39th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Y and atomic number of 39. It has an atomic weight of 88.90584 and a mass number of 89. Yttrium has thirty-nine protons and fifty neutrons in its nucleus, and thirty-nine electrons in five shells. It is located in group three, period five and block d of the periodic table. Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
Atomic Number39
Atomic Weight88.90584
Mass Number89
Group3
Period5
Blockd
Protons39 p+
Neutrons50 n0
Electrons39 e-
Animated Bohr Model of Y (Yttrium)

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius
Molar Volume
Covalent Radius
Metallic Radius
Ionic Radius
Crystal Radius
Van der Waals Radius
Density
Atomic Radii of the Elements: Yttrium0102030405060708090100110120130140150160170180190200210220230240pmAtomic RadiusCovalent RadiusMetallic RadiusVan der Waals Radius

Chemical Properties

Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energies of Y (Yttrium)
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Formation
Electrons
Electron Shells2, 8, 18, 9, 2
Bohr Model: Y (Yttrium)
Valence Electrons2
Lewis Structure: Y (Yttrium)
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d1 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 4d1 5s2
Enhanced Bohr Model of Y (Yttrium)
Orbital Diagram of Y (Yttrium)
Oxidation States0, 1, 2, 3
Electronegativity
1.22
Electrophilicity Index
States of Matter
PhaseSolid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point
Melting Point
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual

Yttrium is a Silver. Y has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #94ffff, and MOLCAS GV of #94ffff. The Appearance of Element 39 is silvery white.

Color
Silver
Appearancesilvery white
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion
Molar Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
TypeConductor
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Resistivity
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Typeparamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
0.0000000666 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
0.000000005921 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
0.0002978
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure

The Crystal Structure of Yttrium is HEX. The lattice constant of Y is 3.65 Å. The lattice angles of Element 39 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.

Crystal StructureSimple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties

Yttrium has a Brinell of 589 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Y is 41 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 39 is 26 GPa. The Young Modulus of Yttrium (Y) is 64 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Yttrium is 0.24. The Speed of Sound of Y is 3300 m/s.

Hardness
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Young's Modulus
Poisson Ratio
0.24
Speed of Sound
Classification

The CAS Group of Yttrium is IIIA. The IUPAC Group of Y is IIIB. The Glawe Number of Element 39 is 21. The Mendeleev Number of Yttrium (Y) is 12. The Pettifor Number of Yttrium is 19. The Geochemical Class of Y is rare earth & related. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 39 is litophile.

CategoryTransition metals, Transition metals
CAS GroupIIIA
IUPAC GroupIIIB
Glawe Number21
Mendeleev Number12
Pettifor Number19
Geochemical Classrare earth & related
Goldschmidt Classlitophile

Other

The Gas Basicity of Yttrium is 945.9 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Y is 162 plus or minus 12 a₀. Element 39 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 2600 a₀. The Allotropes of Yttrium (Y) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Yttrium is 1.28. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Y is 0.00059. The Quantum Numbers of Element 39 is 2D3/2. The Space Group of Yttrium (Y) is 194 (P63/mmc).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section
1.28
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.00059
Quantum Numbers2D3/2
Space Group194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Yttrium

Stable Isotopes1
Unstable Isotopes34
Natural Isotopes1

75Y

Mass Number75
Neutron Number36
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)
p (proton emission)

76Y

Mass Number76
Neutron Number37
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
28 ± 9 ms
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2001
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)
p (proton emission)
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

77Y

Mass Number77
Neutron Number38
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
63 ± 17 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1999
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)
p (proton emission)

78Y

Mass Number78
Neutron Number39
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
54 ± 5 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1992
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

79Y

Mass Number79
Neutron Number40
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
14.8 ± 0.6 s
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1992
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

80Y

Mass Number80
Neutron Number41
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
30.1 ± 0.5 s
Spin4
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1981
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

81Y

Mass Number81
Neutron Number42
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
70.4 ± 1 s
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1981
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

82Y

Mass Number82
Neutron Number43
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
8.3 ± 0.2 s
Spin1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1980
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

83Y

Mass Number83
Neutron Number44
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
7.08 ± 0.08 m
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1962
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

84Y

Mass Number84
Neutron Number45
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
39.5 ± 0.8 m
Spin6
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1962
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

85Y

Mass Number85
Neutron Number46
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.68 ± 0.05 h
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1952
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

86Y

Mass Number86
Neutron Number47
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
14.74 ± 0.02 h
Spin4
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1951
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

87Y

Mass Number87
Neutron Number48
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.38 ± 0.04
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
79.8 ± 0.3 h
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1940
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

88Y

Mass Number88
Neutron Number49
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.105 ± 0.0025
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
106.629 ± 0.024 d
Spin4
Quadrupole Moment
0.16 ± 0.03
Discovery Year1948
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

89Y

Mass Number89
Neutron Number50
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.274596 ± 0.00001
Abundance
100
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1923
Parity-

90Y

Mass Number90
Neutron Number51
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.814 ± 0.004
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
64.05 ± 0.05 h
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
-0.125 ± 0.011
Discovery Year1937
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

91Y

Mass Number91
Neutron Number52
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0.3278 ± 0.0016
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
58.51 ± 0.06 d
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1943
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

92Y

Mass Number92
Neutron Number53
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.335 ± 0.01
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
3.54 ± 0.01 h
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
0 ± 0.02
Discovery Year1940
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

93Y

Mass Number93
Neutron Number54
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
10.18 ± 0.08 h
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1948
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

94Y

Mass Number94
Neutron Number55
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.12 ± 0.01
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
18.7 ± 0.1 m
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
-0.03 ± 0.03
Discovery Year1948
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

95Y

Mass Number95
Neutron Number56
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.32 ± 0.06
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
10.3 ± 0.1 m
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1959
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

96Y

Mass Number96
Neutron Number57
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
5.34 ± 0.05 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1975
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

97Y

Mass Number97
Neutron Number58
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.24 ± 0.02
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
3.75 ± 0.03 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1970
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)0.055%

98Y

Mass Number98
Neutron Number59
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
548 ± 2 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1970
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)0.33%

99Y

Mass Number99
Neutron Number60
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.272 ± 0.008
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
1.484 ± 0.007 s
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
1.55 ± 0.17
Discovery Year1975
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)1.77%

100Y

Mass Number100
Neutron Number61
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0.6875 ± 0.0025
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
940 ± 30 ms
Spin4
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1977
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)

101Y

Mass Number101
Neutron Number62
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.288 ± 0.008
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
426 ± 20 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
1.53 ± 0.17
Discovery Year1983
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)2.3%

102Y

Mass Number102
Neutron Number63
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
360 ± 40 ms
Spin5
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1980
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)2.6%

103Y

Mass Number103
Neutron Number64
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
239 ± 12 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)8%

104Y

Mass Number104
Neutron Number65
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
197 ± 4 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)34%
2n (2-neutron emission)

105Y

Mass Number105
Neutron Number66
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
95 ± 9 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)82%
2n (2-neutron emission)

106Y

Mass Number106
Neutron Number67
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
75 ± 6 ms
Spin2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1997
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

107Y

Mass Number107
Neutron Number68
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
33.5 ± 0.3 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1997
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

108Y

Mass Number108
Neutron Number69
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
30 ± 5 ms
Spin6
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2010
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

109Y

Mass Number109
Neutron Number70
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
25 ± 5 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2010
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)
Yttrium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube

History

In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ytterbite, after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria. Elemental yttrium was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm

DiscoverersJohann Gadolin
Discovery LocationFinland
Discovery Year1789
Etymology (Name Origin)From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found.
PronunciationIT-ri-em (English)
Exposure to yttrium compounds in humans may cause lung disease
Finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air

Uses

Yttrium is often used in alloys, increasing the strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Yttrium is one of the elements used to make the red color in CRT televisions. It is also used as a deoxidizer for non-ferrous metals such as vanadium. Yttrium can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions. Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radar.

Sources

Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
Natural Abundance (Oceans)
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
Natural Abundance (Meteor)
0.00019 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)
0.000001 %
Abundance in Universe
0.0000007 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.8244
2p3.9968
2s10.3778
3d13.6029
3p15.9075
3s15.4485
4d23.0416
4p26.2544
4s24.7364
5s32.744

Also Known As

  • Y
  • element 39
  • 39Y

Translations

  • Norwegian Bokmålyttrium
  • Frenchyttrium
  • Italianittrio
  • GermanYttrium
  • Dutchyttrium
  • Spanishitrio
  • Norwegian Nynorskyttrium
  • Danishyttrium
  • Croatianitrij
  • Hungarianittrium
  • Afrikaansyttrium
  • Amharicይትሪየም
  • AragoneseItrio
  • Arabicإتريوم
  • Azerbaijaniİttrium
  • BelarusianІтрый
  • Bulgarianитрий
  • Banglaইট্রিয়াম
  • BretonItriom
  • Bosnianitrij
  • Catalanitri
  • CorsicanIttriu
  • Czechyttrium
  • ChuvashИттри
  • WelshYtriwm
  • Greekύττριο
  • Esperantoitrio
  • Estonianütrium
  • Basqueitrio
  • Persianایتریم
  • Finnishyttrium
  • FriulianItri
  • IrishItriam
  • GalicianItrio
  • ManxYttrium
  • Hakka Chineseyttrium
  • Hebrewאיטריום
  • Hindiइट्रियम
  • Fiji HindiYttrium
  • Armenianիտրիում
  • Interlinguayttrium
  • Indonesianitrium
  • Idoyitrio
  • Icelandicyttrín
  • Japaneseイットリウム
  • Lojbanjinmrtitri
  • JavaneseItrium
  • Georgianიტრიუმი
  • Kannadaಇಟ್ರಿಯಮ್
  • Korean이트륨
  • KurdishÎtriyûm
  • KomiИттрий
  • Latinyttrium
  • LuxembourgishYttrium
  • LigurianIttrio
  • LithuanianItris
  • Latvianitrijs
  • Malayalamയിട്രിയം
  • Mongolianиттри
  • Marathiइट्रियम
  • Western MariИттрий
  • Malayitrium
  • OccitanItri
  • Polishitr
  • Western Panjabiایتریم
  • Portugueseítrio
  • QuechuaItriyu
  • Romanianytriu
  • Russianиттрий
  • Sicilianittriu
  • Serbo-CroatianItrijum
  • Slovakytrium
  • SlovenianItrij
  • AlbanianItriumi
  • Serbianитријум
  • Saterland FrisianYttrium
  • Swedishyttrium
  • SwahiliYtri
  • Tamilயிற்றியம்
  • Thaiอิตเทรียม
  • Turkishitriyum
  • Uyghurئىتترىي
  • Ukrainianітрій
  • UzbekIttriy
  • VepsIttrii
  • Vietnameseyttri
  • WarayItryo
  • KalmykИттриум
  • Yiddishאיטריום
  • YorubaYttrium
  • Chinese
  • TagalogYttrium
  • CebuanoItriyo
  • MacedonianИтриум
  • Central Kurdishئیتیریۆم
  • KazakhИттрий
  • Gujaratiઈટ્રીયમ
  • Odiaଇଟ୍ରିଅମ
  • TatarИттрий
  • Scotsyttrium
  • SomaliItriyaam
  • Cantonese
  • Literary Chinese
  • Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)Ітар
  • AromanianItriu
  • KyrgyzИттрий
  • LimburgishYttrium
  • Malteseittriju
  • LombardItrio
  • Nepaliइट्रियम
  • Scottish GaelicItrium
  • Paliयितृयम
  • Sanskritयितृयम
  • Newariयितृयम
  • Punjabiਇਟਰੀਅਮ
  • cdoYttrium
  • Min Nan ChineseYttrium
  • AsturianItriu
  • Bhojpuriयिट्रियम
  • Tibetanཡི་ཊི་རིམ།
  • SundaneseItrium
  • Portuguese (Brazil)ítrio
  • Lingua Franca Novaitrio
  • oloIttrii
  • Burmeseအိတ်တြီယမ်
  • kbpƖtrɩyɔm
  • German (Switzerland)Yttrium
  • English (Canada)Yttrium
  • English (United Kingdom)yttrium
  • Northern FrisianÜtrium
  • Chinese (Traditional)
  • Chinese (Taiwan)
  • TajikИттрий
  • PiedmonteseYtrio
  • Teluguయిట్రియం
  • Chinese (Simplified)
  • Wu Chinese
  • SardinianÌtriu
  • Moroccan Arabicإيطريوم
  • BashkirИттрий
  • Egyptian Arabicاتريوم
  • Pashtoايتريوم
  • CornishYtriom
  • BalineseIttrium
  • BikolItriyo
  • Malay (Arabic)ايتريوم
  • Urduیٹریئم
  • ZuluUmYambi