Yttrium (Y)
Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler.
| Atomic Number | 39 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 88.90584 |
| Mass Number | 89 |
| Group | 3 |
|---|---|
| Period | 5 |
| Block | d |
| Protons | 39 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 50 n0 |
| Electrons | 39 e- |
Properties
| Atomic Radius | 180 pm
|
|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 19.8 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 163 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | 162 pm
|
| Ionic Radius | 90 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 104 pm
|
| Van der Waals radius |
231.99999999999997 pm
|
| Density | 4.47 g/cm³
|
| Boiling Point | 3,611 K
|
| Melting Point | 1,795 K
|
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 |
| Electronegativity |
1.22
|
| Electrophilicity | 0.9002558378904 eV/particle
|
| Proton Affinity | 967 kJ/mol
|
| Electron Affinity | 0.307 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Potential | 6.21726 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 367 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 11.5 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 424.7 kJ/mol
|
| Molar Heat Capacity | 26.53 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.298 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Thermal Conductivity | |
| Gas Basicity | 945.9 kJ/mol
|
| Dipole Polarizability | 162 a₀
|
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Oxidation States | 1, 2, 3 |
| Color | Silver
|
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
| Lattice Constant | 3.65 Å
|
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d1 5s2 |
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Allotropes | |
| Alternate Names | |
| Adiabatic Index | |
| Appearance | |
| Electric Conductivity | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Curie Point | |
| Electrical | |
| Hardness | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
| Magnetic | |
| Neel Point | |
| Neutron Cross Section | |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | |
| Gas Phase | |
| Quantum Numbers | |
| Refractive Index | |
| Space Group | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Valence Electrons | |
| Classification | |
| Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
| CAS Group | IIIA |
| IUPAC Group | IIIB |
| Glawe Number | 21 |
| Mendeleev Number | 12 |
| Pettifor Number | 19 |
| Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
| Radioactivity | |
| Radioactive | No |
| Decay Mode | |
| Half-Life | |
| Lifetime | |
| Abundance | |
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 33 mg/kg
|
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.000013 mg/L
|
| Abundance in Human Body | |
| Abundance in Meteor | |
| Abundance in Sun | |
| Abundance in Universe | 7×10-7% |
Isotopes of Yttrium
Stable Isotopes
89Y
Unstable Isotopes
76Y 77Y 78Y 79Y 80Y 81Y 82Y 83Y 84Y 85Y 86Y 87Y 88Y 90Y 91Y 92Y 93Y 94Y 95Y 96Y 97Y 98Y 99Y 100Y 101Y 102Y 103Y 104Y 105Y 106Y 107Y 108Y
History
In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ytterbite, after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria. Elemental yttrium was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm
| Discoverers | Johann Gadolin |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Finland |
| Discovery Year | 1789 |
| Name Origin | From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found. |
Exposure to yttrium compounds in humans may cause lung disease
Finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air
Uses
Yttrium is often used in alloys, increasing the strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Yttrium is one of the elements used to make the red color in CRT televisions. It is also used as a deoxidizer for non-ferrous metals such as vanadium. Yttrium can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions. Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radar.
Sources
Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.