Atomic Number | 39 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 88.90584 |
Mass Number | 89 |
Group | 3 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | d |
Protons | 39 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 50 n0 |
Electrons | 39 e- |
Atomic Radius | 180 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 19.8 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 163 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 162 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 90 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 104 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 232 pm
|
Density | 4.47 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 967 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.307 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.21726 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 367 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 11.5 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 424.7 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 3 |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d1 5s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | 1.22
|
Electrophilicity | 0.9002558378903806 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,618.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,795.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000106 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 26.53 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.298 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.8 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000057 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 1.3 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000666 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000005921 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0002978
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.65 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 41 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 26 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 64 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.24
|
Speed of Sound | 3,300 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IIIA |
IUPAC Group | IIIB |
Glawe Number | 21 |
Mendeleev Number | 12 |
Pettifor Number | 19 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 945.9 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 1.28
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00059
|
Quantum Numbers | 2D3/2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 34 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 34 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 28 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2001 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
p (proton emission) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 63 ± 17 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 54 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 14.8 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 30.1 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 70.4 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.3 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 7.08 ± 0.08 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 39.5 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.68 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 14.74 ± 0.02 h
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | -0.38 ± 0.04
|
Half Life | 79.8 ± 0.3 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | -0.105 ± 0.0025
|
Half Life | 106.629 ± 0.024 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.16 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 100
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 89 |
G-Factor | -0.274596 ± 0.00001
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 90 |
G-Factor | -0.814 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 64.05 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.125 ± 0.011
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 91 |
G-Factor | 0.3278 ± 0.0016
|
Half Life | 58.51 ± 0.06 d
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 92 |
G-Factor | -0.335 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 3.54 ± 0.01 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 93 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 10.18 ± 0.08 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 94 |
G-Factor | -0.12 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 18.7 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.03 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 95 |
G-Factor | -0.32 ± 0.06
|
Half Life | 10.3 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 96 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 5.34 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 97 |
G-Factor | -0.24 ± 0.02
|
Half Life | 3.75 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.055% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 98 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 548 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.33% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 99 |
G-Factor | 1.272 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 1.484 ± 0.007 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.55 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.77% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 100 |
G-Factor | 0.6875 ± 0.0025
|
Half Life | 940 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 101 |
G-Factor | 1.288 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 426 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.53 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 102 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 360 ± 40 ms
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 103 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 239 ± 12 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 104 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 197 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 34% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 105 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 95 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 82% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 106 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 75 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 107 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 33.5 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 108 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 30 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 109 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 25 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius found a new mineral near Ytterby in Sweden and named it ytterbite, after the village. Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium's oxide in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and Anders Gustaf Ekeberg named the new oxide yttria. Elemental yttrium was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm
Discoverers | Johann Gadolin |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Finland |
Discovery Year | 1789 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found. |
Pronunciation | IT-ri-em (English) |
1 | s | 0.8244 |
2 | p | 3.9968 |
2 | s | 10.3778 |
3 | d | 13.6029 |
3 | p | 15.9075 |
3 | s | 15.4485 |
4 | d | 23.0416 |
4 | p | 26.2544 |
4 | s | 24.7364 |
5 | s | 32.744 |