Lead (Pb)

Lead is the 82nd element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Pb and atomic number of 82. It has an atomic weight of 207.2 and a mass number of 208. Lead has eighty-two protons and one hundred twenty-six neutrons in its nucleus, and eighty-two electrons in six shells. It is located in group fourteen, period six and block p of the periodic table. Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.

Atomic Number	82
Atomic Weight	207.2
Mass Number	208

Group	14
Period	6
Block	p

Protons	82 p⁺
Neutrons	126 n⁰
Electrons	82 e^-

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius	180 pm 249 pm
Molar Volume	18.3 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	144 pm 135 pm 137 pm 146 pm
Metallic Radius	150 pm 170 pm
Ionic Radius	98 pm 119 pm 123 pm 129 pm 135 pm 140 pm 145 pm 149 pm 65 pm 73 pm 77.5 pm 94 pm
Crystal Radius	112 pm 133 pm 137 pm 143 pm 149 pm 154 pm 159 pm 163 pm 79 pm 87 pm 91.5 pm 108 pm
Van der Waals Radius	230 pm 202 pm 202 pm 274 pm 429.7 pm
Density	11.3 g/cm³ 10,660 kg/m³

Chemical Properties

Energy

Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity	0.35674316 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	7.4166796 eV/particle 15.032498 eV/particle 31.9373 eV/particle 42.33256 eV/particle 68.8 eV/particle 82.9 eV/particle 100.1 eV/particle 120 eV/particle 138 eV/particle 158 eV/particle 182 eV/particle 203 eV/particle 224 eV/particle 245.1 eV/particle 338.1 eV/particle 374 eV/particle 401 eV/particle 428 eV/particle 478 eV/particle 507 eV/particle 570 eV/particle 610 eV/particle 650 eV/particle 690 eV/particle 750 eV/particle 810 eV/particle 870 eV/particle 930 eV/particle 990 eV/particle 1,050 eV/particle 1,120 eV/particle 1,180 eV/particle 1,000 eV/particle 1,300 eV/particle 1,400 eV/particle 1,430 eV/particle 1,704 eV/particle 1,760 eV/particle 1,819 eV/particle 1,884 eV/particle 1,945 eV/particle 2,004 eV/particle 2,101 eV/particle 2,163 eV/particle 2,230 eV/particle 2,292 eV/particle 2,543 eV/particle 2,605 eV/particle 2,671 eV/particle 2,735 eV/particle 2,965 eV/particle 3,036 eV/particle 3,211 eV/particle 3,282.1 eV/particle 5,414 eV/particle 5,555 eV/particle 5,703 eV/particle 5,862 eV/particle 6,015 eV/particle 6,160 eV/particle 6,442 eV/particle 6,597 eV/particle 6,767 eV/particle 6,924 eV/particle 7,362 eV/particle 7,500 eV/particle 7,650 eV/particle 7,790 eV/particle 8,520 eV/particle 8,680 eV/particle 9,000 eV/particle 9,150 eV/particle 19,590 eV/particle 19,970 eV/particle 20,380 eV/particle 20,750 eV/particle 23,460 eV/particle 23,940 eV/particle 24,550 eV/particle 24,938 eV/particle 99,491.85 eV/particle 101,336.4 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	177.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	4.77 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	195.2 kJ/mol
Electrons

Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4

Valence Electrons	4 ⓘ

Electron Configuration	[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²

Oxidation States	-4, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegativity	10.97 eV/particle 0.177911 1.8
Electrophilicity Index	1.069876866442547 eV/particle
States of Matter

Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	2,022.15 K
Melting Point	600.612 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Lead is a Slate Gray. Pb has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #575961, and MOLCAS GV of #575961. The Appearance of Element 82 is metallic gray.
Color	Slate Gray #ff1493 #575961 #575961
Appearance	metallic gray
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	35.3 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000289 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	26.84 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.13 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	4.8 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000021 m Ω
Superconducting Point	7.2 K
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000015 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000311 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.000017
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Lead is FCC. The lattice constant of Pb is 4.95 Å. The lattice angles of Element 82 are π/2, π/2, π/2.
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Lattice Constant	4.95 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Lead has a Brinell of 38.3 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 1.5 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Pb is 46 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 82 is 5.6 GPa. The Young Modulus of Lead (Pb) is 16 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Lead is 0.44. The Speed of Sound of Pb is 1260 m/s.
Hardness	38.3 MPa 1.5 MPa
Bulk Modulus	46 GPa
Shear Modulus	5.6 GPa
Young's Modulus	16 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.44
Speed of Sound	1,260 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Lead is IVB. The IUPAC Group of Pb is IVA. The Glawe Number of Element 82 is 82. The Mendeleev Number of Lead (Pb) is 91. The Pettifor Number of Lead is 82. The Goldschmidt Class of Pb is chalcophile.
Category	Post-transition metals, Poor metals
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	82
Mendeleev Number	91
Pettifor Number	82
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt Class	chalcophile

Other

The Dipole Polarizability of Lead is 47 plus or minus 3 a₀. Pb has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 534 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 82 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Lead (Pb) is 0.171. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Lead is 3.0E-5. The Quantum Numbers of Pb is 3P0. The Space Group of Element 82 is 225 (Fm_3m).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	47 ± 3 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	534 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	0.171
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.00003
Quantum Numbers	3P0
Space Group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Lead

Stable Isotopes	0
Unstable Isotopes	43
Natural Isotopes	4

¹⁷⁸Pb

Mass Number	178
Neutron Number	96
Relative Atomic Mass	178.003836171 ± 0.000024889 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	250 ± 80 us
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2001
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

¹⁷⁹Pb

Mass Number	179
Neutron Number	97
Relative Atomic Mass	179.002202492 ± 0.000087203 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	2.7 ± 0.2 ms
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%

¹⁸⁰Pb

Mass Number	180
Neutron Number	98
Relative Atomic Mass	179.997916177 ± 0.000013306 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	4.1 ± 0.3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1996
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%

¹⁸¹Pb

Mass Number	181
Neutron Number	99
Relative Atomic Mass	180.9966606 ± 0.00009129 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	39 ± 0.8 ms
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1989
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

¹⁸²Pb

Mass Number	182
Neutron Number	100
Relative Atomic Mass	181.992673537 ± 0.000012975 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	55 ± 5 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1986
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

¹⁸³Pb

Mass Number	183
Neutron Number	101
Relative Atomic Mass	182.991862527 ± 0.00003111 Da
G-Factor	-0.76933333333333 ± 0.0033333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	535 ± 30 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

¹⁸⁴Pb

Mass Number	184
Neutron Number	102
Relative Atomic Mass	183.988135634 ± 0.000013743 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	490 ± 25 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	80%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

¹⁸⁵Pb

Mass Number	185
Neutron Number	103
Relative Atomic Mass	184.98761 ± 0.000017364 Da
G-Factor	-0.758 ± 0.0033333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	6.3 ± 0.4 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1975
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	66%
α (α emission)	34%

¹⁸⁶Pb

Mass Number	186
Neutron Number	104
Relative Atomic Mass	185.984239409 ± 0.000011813 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	4.82 ± 0.03 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
α (α emission)	40%

¹⁸⁷Pb

Mass Number	187
Neutron Number	105
Relative Atomic Mass	186.983910842 ± 0.000005468 Da
G-Factor	-0.748 ± 0.002
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	15.2 ± 0.3 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	90.5%
α (α emission)	9.5%

¹⁸⁸Pb

Mass Number	188
Neutron Number	106
Relative Atomic Mass	187.980879079 ± 0.000010868 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	25.1 ± 0.1 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	91.5%
α (α emission)	8.5%

¹⁸⁹Pb

Mass Number	189
Neutron Number	107
Relative Atomic Mass	188.980843658 ± 0.000015096 Da
G-Factor	-0.718 ± 0.006
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	39 ± 8 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	99.58%
α (α emission)	0.42%

¹⁹⁰Pb

Mass Number	190
Neutron Number	108
Relative Atomic Mass	189.978081872 ± 0.000013434 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	71 ± 1 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	99.6%
α (α emission)	0.4%

¹⁹¹Pb

Mass Number	191
Neutron Number	109
Relative Atomic Mass	190.978216455 ± 0.000007099 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.33 ± 0.08 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	0.51%

¹⁹²Pb

Mass Number	192
Neutron Number	110
Relative Atomic Mass	191.975789598 ± 0.000006147 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	3.5 ± 0.1 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	0.0059%

¹⁹³Pb

Mass Number	193
Neutron Number	111
Relative Atomic Mass	192.976135914 ± 0.000011044 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

¹⁹⁴Pb

Mass Number	194
Neutron Number	112
Relative Atomic Mass	193.974011788 ± 0.000018717 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	10.7 ± 0.6 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1960
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	7.3%

¹⁹⁵Pb

Mass Number	195
Neutron Number	113
Relative Atomic Mass	194.974516167 ± 0.000005461 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	15 ± 1.4 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1957
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹⁶Pb

Mass Number	196
Neutron Number	114
Relative Atomic Mass	195.972787552 ± 0.000008277 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	37 ± 3 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1957
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	3%

¹⁹⁷Pb

Mass Number	197
Neutron Number	115
Relative Atomic Mass	196.973434737 ± 0.000005157 Da
G-Factor	-0.71453333333333 ± 0.0015333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	8.1 ± 1.7 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.08 ± 0.17
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹⁸Pb

Mass Number	198
Neutron Number	116
Relative Atomic Mass	197.97201545 ± 0.000009393 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	2.4 ± 0.1 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁹⁹Pb

Mass Number	199
Neutron Number	117
Relative Atomic Mass	198.97291262 ± 0.000007322 Da
G-Factor	-0.7138 ± 0.00093333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	90 ± 10 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.08 ± 0.09
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

²⁰⁰Pb

Mass Number	200
Neutron Number	118
Relative Atomic Mass	199.971818546 ± 0.000010744 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	21.5 ± 0.4 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

²⁰¹Pb

Mass Number	201
Neutron Number	119
Relative Atomic Mass	200.972870431 ± 0.000014758 Da
G-Factor	0.26924 ± 0.00024
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	9.33 ± 0.03 h
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.01 ± 0.04
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

²⁰²Pb

Mass Number	202
Neutron Number	120
Relative Atomic Mass	201.972151613 ± 0.000004075 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	52.5 ± 2.8 ky
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1954
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

²⁰³Pb

Mass Number	203
Neutron Number	121
Relative Atomic Mass	202.973390617 ± 0.000007036 Da
G-Factor	0.27364 ± 0.00024
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	51.924 ± 0.015 h
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.1 ± 0.05
Discovery Year	1942
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

²⁰⁴Pb

Mass Number	204
Neutron Number	122
Relative Atomic Mass	203.973043506 ± 0.000001231 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	1.4 ± 0.6
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1932
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)

²⁰⁵Pb

Mass Number	205
Neutron Number	123
Relative Atomic Mass	204.974481682 ± 0.000001228 Da
G-Factor	0.28376 ± 0.00024
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	17 ± 0.9 My
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.23 ± 0.04
Discovery Year	1954
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

²⁰⁶Pb

Mass Number	206
Neutron Number	124
Relative Atomic Mass	205.97446521 ± 0.000001228 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	24.1 ± 3
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1927
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)

²⁰⁷Pb

Mass Number	207
Neutron Number	125
Relative Atomic Mass	206.975896821 ± 0.000001231 Da
G-Factor	1.1812 ± 0.0008
Abundance	22.1 ± 5
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1927
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)

²⁰⁸Pb

Mass Number	208
Neutron Number	126
Relative Atomic Mass	207.976652005 ± 0.000001232 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	52.4 ± 7
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1927
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)

²⁰⁹Pb

Mass Number	209
Neutron Number	127
Relative Atomic Mass	208.981089978 ± 0.000001875 Da
G-Factor	-0.32635555555556 ± 0.00042222222222222
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	3.235 ± 0.005 h
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.27 ± 0.17
Discovery Year	1940
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁰Pb

Mass Number	210
Neutron Number	128
Relative Atomic Mass	209.984188381 ± 0.000001554 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	22.2 ± 0.22 y
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1900
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
α (α emission)	1.9%

²¹¹Pb

Mass Number	211
Neutron Number	129
Relative Atomic Mass	210.988735288 ± 0.000002426 Da
G-Factor	-0.31091111111111 ± 0.00026666666666667
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	36.1628 ± 0.0025 m
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.09 ± 0.06
Discovery Year	1904
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹²Pb

Mass Number	212
Neutron Number	130
Relative Atomic Mass	211.991895891 ± 0.000001975 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	10.627 ± 0.006 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1905
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹³Pb

Mass Number	213
Neutron Number	131
Relative Atomic Mass	212.996560796 ± 0.000007465 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	10.2 ± 0.3 m
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1964
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁴Pb

Mass Number	214
Neutron Number	132
Relative Atomic Mass	213.999803521 ± 0.000002114 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	27.06 ± 0.07 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1904
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁵Pb

Mass Number	215
Neutron Number	133
Relative Atomic Mass	215.004661591 ± 0.00005656 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	142 ± 11 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1998
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁶Pb

Mass Number	216
Neutron Number	134
Relative Atomic Mass	216.008062 ± 0.000215 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.66 ± 0.2 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁷Pb

Mass Number	217
Neutron Number	135
Relative Atomic Mass	217.013162 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	19.9 ± 5.3 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁸Pb

Mass Number	218
Neutron Number	136
Relative Atomic Mass	218.016779 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	14.8 ± 6.8 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2009
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²¹⁹Pb

Mass Number	219
Neutron Number	137
Relative Atomic Mass	219.022136 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	11/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2009
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)

²²⁰Pb

Mass Number	220
Neutron Number	138
Relative Atomic Mass	220.025905 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)

History

Metallic lead beads dating back to 6400 BC have been found in Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey. The Romans also used lead in molten form to secure iron pins that held together large limestone blocks in certain monumental buildings. In alchemy, lead was thought to be the oldest metal and was associated with the planet Saturn. From the Latin word plumbum

Discoverers	Known to the ancients.
Discovery Location
Discovery Year
Etymology (Name Origin)	Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum.
Pronunciation	LED (English)

Lead and its compounds are poisonous

Pencil leads in wooden pencils have never been made from lead

Uses

Large quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Lead is used as electrodes in the process of electrolysis. It is added to brass to reduce machine tool wear. Lead, in either pure form or alloyed with tin, or antimony is the traditional material for bullets and shot in firearms use. Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.

Sources

Found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	14 mg/kg
Natural Abundance (Oceans)	0.00003 mg/L
Natural Abundance (Human Body)	0.00017 %
Natural Abundance (Meteor)	0.00014 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)	0.000001 %
Abundance in Universe	0.000001 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	1.5805
2	p	4.5234
2	s	21.57
3	d	13.4533
3	p	22.8505
3	s	23.8477
4	d	37.6804
4	f	38.0312
4	p	35.9664
4	s	35.1072
5	d	58.848
5	p	53.97
5	s	51.8685
6	p	69.607
6	s	67.9

Also Known As

Pb
element 82

Translations

GermanBlei
Norwegian Bokmålbly
Frenchplomb
Italianpiombo
Russianсвинец
Spanishplomo
Afrikaanslood
AragonesePlomo
Amharicእርሳስ
Old EnglishLēad
Arabicرصاص
AzerbaijaniQurğuşun
BelarusianСвінец
Banglaসীসা
Bulgarianолово
Bretonplom
Bosnianolovo
Catalanplom
CherokeeᎦᏂ
Central Kurdishزرێچ
CorsicanPiombu
Norwegian Nynorskbly
Hungarianólom
Polishołów
Portuguesechumbo
Dutchlood
Czecholovo
ChuvashХура тăхлан
WelshPlwm
Danishbly
Greekμόλυβδος
Esperantoplumbo
EstonianPlii
Basqueberun
Persianسرب
Finnishlyijy
Northern FrisianLuad
FriulianPlomp
Western FrisianLead
Irishluaidhe
Galicianchumbo
Manxleoaie
Hakka ChineseYèn
Hebrewעופרת
Hindiसीसा
Fiji HindiRaanga
CroatianOlovo
Haitian CreolePlon
Armenianկապար
Interlinguaplumbo
Indonesiantimbal
Idoplombo
Icelandicblý
Japanese鉛
Lojbancnisa
Georgianტყვია
KazakhҚорғасын
Kannadaಸೀಸ
Korean납
Komi-PermyakШирись
KurdishSirb
KomiШирысь
Latinplumbum
LuxembourgishBläi
lbeЧӀутӀи
LezghianКьуркьушум
LigurianCiongio
LithuanianŠvinas
Latviansvins
MokshaКиви
Māorimatā
Macedonianолово
Malayalamകറുത്തീയം
Mongolianхар тугалга
Marathiशिसे
Western MariВӹдвулны
Malayplumbum
ErzyaЧопода киве
nahTemētztli
Low GermanBlie
NavajoDilyį́hí
OccitanPlomb
OsseticЗды
Western Panjabiسیسہ
QuechuaTiti
Romanianplumb
Sanskritसीसम्
Sicilianchiummu
ScotsLeid
Serbo-Croatianolovo
Slovakolovo
Sloveniansvinec
AlbanianPlumbi
Serbianолово
Saterland FrisianLood
Swedishbly
SwahiliRisasi
Tamilஈயம்
Teluguసీసపద్యము
TajikСурб
Thaiตะกั่ว
TagalogTingga
Turkishkurşun
Uyghurقوغۇشۇن
Ukrainianсвинець
Urduسیسہ
Vepshahktin
Vietnamesechì
WarayTinggâ
Wu Chinese铅
KalmykХорлҗн
Yiddishבליי
YorubaÒjé
Chinese铅
English (Canada)lead
English (United Kingdom)lead
Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)волава
Portuguese (Brazil)chumbo
CebuanoPlomo
VenetianPionbo
Gujaratiસીસું
NeapolitanChiummo
Odiaସୀସା
Punjabiਸਿੱਕਾ
PiedmontesePiomb
Literary Chinese鉛
Cantonese鉛
Min Nan ChineseIân
TatarКургаш
SomaliLead
UzbekQoʻrgʻoshin
LombardPiomb
Chinese (China)铅
Chinese (Simplified)铅
Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)鉛
Chinese (Taiwan)鉛
Chinese (Traditional)鉛
WalloonPlonk
LimburgishLoead
KyrgyzКоргошун
cdoIòng
Burmeseခဲ
FaroeseBlýggj
Malteseċomb
Scottish GaelicLuaidhe
Nepaliसिसा
ZhuangYienz
Bhojpuriसीसा
Paliलिड
Newariलिड
AromanianPliumbu
SundaneseTimbal
AdygheПцашӀо
Tibetanཞ་ཉེ།
AsturianPlomu
Volapükplumbin
Mingrelianტყვია
ZuluUmthofu
kbpPɩlɔmbɩ
Lingua Franca Novaplomo
oloJygeitina
HawaiianKēpau
hywԿապար
KabyleAldun
ExtremaduranPromu
SardinianPrumu
German (Switzerland)Blei
BashkirҠурғаш
Moroccan Arabicرصاص
Egyptian Arabicرصاص
Pashtoلېډ
Cornishplomm
lldPion
BikolTingga
Manipuriꯂꯤꯗ (ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ)
MalagasyFiramainty
BalineseTimbal
DinkaYöm thiɛk
ShonaMutobvu
sjdвыӊӊьц
Basaaɓàǎ
OromoDilaalii

Lead on ChemicalAid

ABC News topic ID	lead
AGROVOC ID	c_4235
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300011022
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3537
BNCF Thesaurus ID	17757
Banglapedia ID (Bengali)	সীসা
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX529699
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	119567697
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	blei-20
CA PROP 65 ID	lead-and-lead-compounds
CAS Registry Number	7439-92-1
Canadian Encyclopedia article ID	lead
ChEBI ID	27889
ChemSpider ID	4509317
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID804161
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID2024161
Den Store Danske ID	bly
EAGLE id	material/lod/108
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.273
Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID	190899
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/lead-chemical-element
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	plomb
EuroVoc ID	2428
Europeana Fashion Vocabulary ID	10553
Freebase ID	/m/025r_0t
French Vikidia ID	Plomb
GND ID	4145879-5
Google Arts & Culture entity ID	m025r_0t
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0132742
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	3541027
Grove Art Online ID	T049755
HSDB ID	231
ICSC ID	0052
InChI	InChI=1S/Pb
InChIKey	WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Lead
KEGG ID	C06696
Klexikon article ID	Blei
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/SVINETS.html
LEM ID	LEM201007250
Language of Bindings ID	2418
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85075435
MeSH descriptor ID	D007854
NALT ID	44817
NDL Authority ID	00568006
NE.se ID	bly
NKCR AUT ID	ph123730
Namuwiki ID	납
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007560411305171
New York Times topic ID	subject/lead
Nomisma ID	pb
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	2119
PACTOLS thesaurus ID	pcrtEpGlZykUTy
PSH ID	5800
PatientsLikeMe treatment ID	plumbum
PubChem CID	5352425
RKD thesaurus ID	44871
RxNorm ID	6260
STW Thesaurus for Economics ID	14294-1
Spanish Cultural Heritage thesauri ID	materias/1000930
Store medisinske leksikon ID	bly
Store norske leksikon ID	bly
Treccani ID	piombo
U.S. National Archives Identifier	10663134
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/3376
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	11268
UNESCO Thesaurus ID	concept13281
UNII	2P299V784P
USGS Thesaurus ID	1492
WikiSkripta ID	33765
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Mineral", "Lead"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14667645-n
YSO ID	15486
ZVG number	8510

Lead (Pb)

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Other

Isotopes of Lead

178Pb

179Pb

180Pb

181Pb

182Pb

183Pb

184Pb

185Pb

186Pb

187Pb

188Pb

189Pb

190Pb

191Pb

192Pb

193Pb

194Pb

195Pb

196Pb

197Pb

198Pb

199Pb

200Pb

201Pb

202Pb

203Pb

204Pb

205Pb

206Pb

207Pb

208Pb

209Pb

210Pb

211Pb

212Pb

213Pb

214Pb

215Pb

216Pb

217Pb

218Pb

219Pb

220Pb